{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:46Z","timestamp":1787031166003,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although podoconiosis is one of the major causes of tropical lymphoedema and is endemic in Ethiopia its epidemiology and risk factors are poorly understood. Individual-level data for 129,959 individuals from 1,315 communities in 659\n                    <jats:italic>woreda<\/jats:italic>\n                    (districts) were collected for a nationwide integrated survey of lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis. Blood samples were tested for circulating\n                    <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigen using immunochromatographic card tests. A clinical algorithm was used to reach a diagnosis of podoconiosis by excluding other potential causes of lymphoedema of the lower limb. Bayesian multilevel models were used to identify individual and environmental risk factors. Overall, 8,110 of 129,959 (6.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1\u20136.4%) surveyed individuals were identified with lymphoedema of the lower limb, of whom 5,253 (4.0%, 95% CI 3.9\u20134.1%) were confirmed to be podoconiosis cases. In multivariable analysis, being female, older, unmarried, washing the feet less frequently than daily, and being semiskilled or unemployed were significantly associated with increased risk of podoconiosis. Attending formal education and living in a house with a covered floor were associated with decreased risk of podoconiosis. Podoconiosis exhibits marked geographical variation across Ethiopia, with variation in risk associated with variation in rainfall, enhanced vegetation index, and altitude.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T00:30:41Z","timestamp":1416270641000},"page":"148-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Epidemiology and Individual, Household and Geographical Risk Factors of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia: Results from the First Nationwide Mapping"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Kebede","family":"Deribe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Brooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Pullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heven","family":"Sime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeba","family":"Gebretsadik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashenafi","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amha","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asrat","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria P.","family":"Rebollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumer","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses J.","family":"Bockarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Reithinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fikre","family":"Enquselassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie J.","family":"Newport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Podoconiosis: Non-Filarial Elephantiasis","author":"Price","year":"1990"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Podoconiosis: a tropical model for gene-environment interactions?","volume":"101","author":"Davey","year":"2007"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"377","article-title":"Recent advances in podoconiosis","volume":"103","author":"Davey","year":"2009"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Lymphology","first-page":"168","article-title":"Podoconiosis, non-filarial elephantiasis, and lymphology","volume":"43","author":"Davey","year":"2010"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1200","article-title":"HLA class II locus and susceptibility to podoconiosis","volume":"366","author":"Tekola Ayele","year":"2012"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Tropical lymphedemas\u2013control and prevention","volume":"366","author":"Molyneux","year":"2012"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Economic costs of endemic non-filarial elephantiasis in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Tekola","year":"2006"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"In Health","first-page":"176","article-title":"A qualitative study on stigma and coping strategies of patients with podoconiosis in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Tora","year":"2011"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"439","article-title":"High levels of misconceptions and stigma in a community highly endemic for podoconiosis in southern Ethiopia","volume":"102","author":"Yakob","year":"2008"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Stigma towards a neglected tropical disease: felt and enacted stigma scores among podoconiosis patients in northern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Deribe","year":"2013"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"828","article-title":"Patients' perceptions of podoconiosis causes, prevention and consequences in east and west Gojam, northern Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Molla","year":"2012"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop","first-page":"e1184","article-title":"Burden of podoconiosis in poor rural communities in Gulliso woreda, west Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Alemu","year":"2011"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"722","article-title":"Parasitological, serological, and clinical evidence for high prevalence of podoconiosis (non-filarial elephantiasis) in Midakegn district, central Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Geshere Oli","year":"2012"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"In Health","first-page":"119","article-title":"Community-based survey of podoconiosis in Bedele Zuria woreda, west Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Tekola Ayele","year":"2013"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes","first-page":"122","article-title":"The impact of podoconiosis on quality of life in northern Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Mousley","year":"2013"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e902","article-title":"Effectiveness of a simple lymphoedema treatment regimen in podoconiosis management in southern Ethiopia: one year follow-up","volume":"4","author":"Sikorski","year":"2010"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Trop Geogr Med","first-page":"3","article-title":"Studies on elephantiasis of the legs in Ethiopia","volume":"21","author":"Oomen","year":"1969"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"53","article-title":"Idiopathic lymphoedema of Ethiopia and Kenya","volume":"37","author":"Cohen","year":"1960"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"Ethiop Med J","first-page":"77","article-title":"Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in Ethiopia an epidemiological survey","volume":"12","author":"Price","year":"1974"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Trop Geogr Med","first-page":"283","article-title":"Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in Rwanda and Burundi","volume":"28","author":"Price","year":"1976"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Trop Geogr Med","first-page":"23","article-title":"Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in the United Cameroon Republic","volume":"33","author":"Price","year":"1981"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Trop Doct","first-page":"217","article-title":"Prevalence of podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis) in Wolaitta, southern Ethiopia","volume":"32","author":"Desta","year":"2003"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1744","article-title":"Podoconiosis in east and west Gojam Zones, northern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Molla","year":"2012"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"171","article-title":"Non-filarial elephantiasis in the Mt. Elgon area (Kapchorwa District) of Uganda","volume":"78","author":"Onapa","year":"2001"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"529","article-title":"Elephantiasis of non-filarial origin (podoconiosis) in the highlands of north-western Cameroon","volume":"102","author":"Wanji","year":"2008"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2554","article-title":"Individual correlates of podoconiosis in areas of varying endemicity: a case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Molla","year":"2013"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"288","article-title":"The association of endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in East Africa with soil derived from volcanic rocks","volume":"4","author":"Price","year":"1976"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Int J Health Geogr","first-page":"24","article-title":"Modeling environmental factors correlated with podoconiosis","volume":"13","author":"Molla","year":"2014"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia. Statistical Summary Report at National Level","author":"Central Statistical Agency (CSA) [Ethiopia]","year":"2008"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia","author":"Central Statistical Agency (CSA) [Ethiopia]","year":"2009"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011","author":"Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia], ICF International","year":"2012"},{"key":"R32","series-title":"Operational Guidelines for Rapid Mapping of Bancroftian Filariasis in Africa","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Development and testing of a de novo clinical staging system for podoconiosis (endemic non-filarial elephantiasis)","volume":"13","author":"Tekola","year":"2008"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"IJSRK","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genesis and classification of soils in Segzi Plain (Iran)","volume":"1","author":"Amirossadat","year":"2013"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"Keys to Soil Taxonomy","author":"Soil Survey Staff","year":"2006"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"Factors of Soil Formation","author":"Jenny","year":"1941"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Data","author":"USGS-SRTM","year":"2008"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"Global Climate Change","author":"WorldClim website","year":"2005"},{"key":"R39","article-title":"Africa Soil Information System","year":"2009"},{"key":"R40","author":"USGS-SRTM","year":"2008"},{"key":"R41","article-title":"Project A","year":"2014"},{"key":"R42","article-title":"Global Rural-Urban Mapping project, (GRUMP v1)","year":"1995"},{"key":"R43","author":"GGIARCSI","year":"2008"},{"key":"R44","author":"ISRIC & AfSIS","year":"2013"},{"key":"R45","author":"FAO","year":"2000"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"Analysis of Multivariate Social Science Data","article-title":"Prinicpal components 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Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/1\/article-p148.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/1\/article-p148.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/1\/article-p148.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T15:32:14Z","timestamp":1723044734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/1\/article-p148.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0446","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]}}}