{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:02:31Z","timestamp":1790643751513,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We developed a TaqMan-based real-time quadriplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to simultaneously detect <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> subspecies <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>pertenue<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>endemicum<\/jats:italic>, the causative agents of venereal syphilis, yaws, and bejel, respectively. The PCR assay was applied to samples from skin ulcerations of clinically presumptive yaws cases among children on Tanna Island, Vanuatu. Another real-time triplex PCR was used to screen for the point mutations in the 23S rRNA genes that have previously been associated with azithromycin resistance in <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic> strains. Seropositivity by the classical syphilis serological tests was 35.5% among children with skin ulcerations clinically suspected with yaws, whereas the presence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>pertenue<\/jats:italic> DNA was only found in lesions from 15.5% of children. No evidence of <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>pertenue<\/jats:italic> infection, by either PCR or serology was found in \u223c59% of cases indicating alternative causes of yaws-like lesions in this endemic area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T05:30:41Z","timestamp":1416288641000},"page":"134-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Molecular Differentiation of Treponema pallidum Subspecies in Skin Ulceration Clinically Suspected as Yaws in Vanuatu Using Real-Time Multiplex PCR and Serological Methods"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Kai-Hua","family":"Chi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Danavall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fasihah","family":"Taleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Nachamkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob L.","family":"Kool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Fegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kingsley","family":"Asiedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse S.","family":"Vestergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald C.","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e21837","article-title":"Yaws eradication: facing old problems, raising new hopes","volume":"6","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2012"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Microbes Infect","first-page":"83","article-title":"The endemic treponematoses","volume":"4","author":"Antal","year":"2002"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1471","article-title":"Whole genome sequences of three Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue strains: yaws and syphilis treponemes differ in less than 0.2% of the genome sequence","volume":"6","author":"\u010cejkov\u00e1","year":"2012"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"634","article-title":"Molecular basis of immunological cross-reactivity between Treponema pallidum and Treponema pertenue","volume":"42","author":"Baker-Zander","year":"1983"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"116","article-title":"Antigenic cross-reactivity between Treponema pallidum and other pathogenic members of the family Spirochaetaceae","volume":"46","author":"Baker-Zander","year":"1984"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"4013","article-title":"Laboratory-confirmed case of yaws in a 10-year-old boy from the Republic of the Congo","volume":"49","author":"Pillay","year":"2011"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1036","article-title":"The flanking region sequences of the 15-kDa lipoprotein gene differentiate pathogenic treponemes","volume":"177","author":"Centurion-Lara","year":"1998"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3377","article-title":"Molecular differentiation of Treponema pallidum subspecies","volume":"44","author":"Centurion-Lara","year":"2006"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol","first-page":"322","article-title":"The sequence of the acidic repeat protein (arp) gene differentiates venereal from nonvenereal Treponema pallidum subspecies, and the gene has evolved under strong positive selection in the subspecies that causes syphilis","volume":"53","author":"Harper","year":"2008"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"189","article-title":"Eradication of yaws - 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