{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:15:19Z","timestamp":1790010919342,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To determine the exposure risk factors of highly endemic rural leptospirosis in tropical setting, we conducted a prospective, hospital-based case control study in Sri Lanka. A conceptual hierarchy of variables was used to analyze the data. Case patients included 38 (34%) females and 73 (66%) males with a mean age of 36 yr (SD 12.7 yr). Using piped, chlorinated water for drinking\/general purposes (odds ratio [OR] 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16\u20130.67), paddy fields in the vicinity of home (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.06\u20132.97), sighting dogs at home yard\/dog ownership (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.11\u20132.91), sighting cattle at home yard\/cattle ownership (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.00\u20132.84), and work in a paddy field (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.68, 5.41) were the main predictors of leptospirosis among febrile patients. In high endemic tropical settings with rural leptospirosis, risk factors in residential environments, rather than individual exposures, seemed to play a major role in leptospirosis disease transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,21]],"date-time":"2014-10-21T03:00:11Z","timestamp":1413860411000},"page":"139-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characteristics of Rural Leptospirosis Patients Admitted to Referral Hospitals During the 2008 Leptospirosis Outbreak in Sri Lanka: Implications for Developing Public Health Control Measures"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Suneth B.","family":"Agampodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhanaseela B.","family":"Nugegoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasanthi","family":"Thevanesam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Vinetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"109","article-title":"Leptospirosis worldwide","volume":"76","author":"Smythe","year":"1999"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Postgrad Med","first-page":"174","article-title":"A global research agenda for leptospirosis","volume":"51","author":"Cachay","year":"2005"},{"key":"R3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Report of the second meeting of leptospirosis burden epidemiology reference group","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Leptospira and 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