{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:51:25Z","timestamp":1792191085349,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin ulcer development in cutaneous leishmaniasis due to <jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic> infection is associated with a mononuclear cell infiltrate and high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Herein, we show that despite the absence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-driven TNF, a cutaneous leishmaniasis patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome developed a skin ulcer. The presence of mononuclear phagocytes and high levels of TNF, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and metalloproteinase-9 in tissue are identified as potential contributors to immunopathology observed in <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>-infected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]],"date-time":"2015-10-20T12:33:15Z","timestamp":1445344395000},"page":"1219-1223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Potential Role for Mononuclear Phagocytes in Cutaneous Ulcer Development in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Leishmania braziliensis Coinfection"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Luiz H.","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00edra","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ta\u00eds","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lis","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fabia","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Badar\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas 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by Leishmania braziliensis infection and correlates with mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"119","author":"Maretti-Mira","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3282","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 9 production by monocytes is enhanced by TNF and participates in the pathology of human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Campos","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3892","article-title":"Serial quantitative PCR assay for detection, species discrimination, and quantification of Leishmania spp. in human samples","volume":"49","author":"Weirather","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"2152","article-title":"BCG (Bacille of Calmette-Guerin) revaccination leads to improved in vitro IFN-gamma response to mycobacterial antigen independent of tuberculin sensitization in Brazilian school-age 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