{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T01:22:06Z","timestamp":1789867326774,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Several species of alphaviruses have been previously described in the Americas, some of which are associated with encephalitis and others are associated with arthralgia. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) are endemic to Venezuela, with the former being responsible for major outbreaks of severe and often fatal disease in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of Venezuelan alphaviruses isolated during two decades (1973\u20131999) of surveillance in northern Venezuela. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the circulation of a VEEV subtype IAB strain 8 years after the last reported outbreak. Thirteen strains within two subclades of South American lineage III of EEEV were also found in Venezuela. Considerable genetic variability was observed among Venezuelan Una virus strains, which were widely distributed among the clades. The first Venezuelan Mayaro sequence was also characterized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T02:21:07Z","timestamp":1430792467000},"page":"7-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Venezuelan Alphaviruses and Circulation of a Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Subtype IAB Strain During an Interepizootic Period"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Gladys","family":"Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domingo J.","family":"Garzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert J.","family":"Auguste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flor H.","family":"Pujol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Antiviral Res","first-page":"242","article-title":"Alphaviruses: population genetics and determinants of emergence","volume":"94","author":"Weaver","year":"2012"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision","volume":"84","author":"Arrigo","year":"2010"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"84","article-title":"Ecological studies of enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in northcentral Venezuela","volume":"64","author":"Salas","year":"2001"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"699","article-title":"Arbovirus studies in the Guajira region of Venezuela: activities of eastern equine encephalitis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses during an interepizootic period","volume":"33","author":"Walder","year":"1984"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"738","article-title":"Genetic diversity and relationships among Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus field isolates from Colombia and Venezuela","volume":"65","author":"Moncayo","year":"2001"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"10118","article-title":"Evolutionary relationships and systematic of the alphaviruses","volume":"75","author":"Powers","year":"2001"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"441","article-title":"Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks","volume":"60","author":"Weaver","year":"1999"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"135","article-title":"Comparative immunological and biochemical analyses of viruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex","volume":"64","author":"Kinney","year":"1983"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"576","article-title":"Search for epizootic-like Venezuelan encephalitis virus enzootic habitats in Guatemala during 1969\u20131971","volume":"103","author":"Sherer","year":"1976"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1907","article-title":"Postepizootic persistence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuela","volume":"11","author":"Navarro","year":"2005"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"461","article-title":"Genetic relationships among Mayaro and UNA virus suggest distinct patterns of transmission","volume":"75","author":"Powers","year":"2006"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e787","article-title":"Arboviral etiologies of acute febrile illnesses in western South America, 2000\u20132007","volume":"4","author":"Forshey","year":"2010"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"The Arbovirus. Epidemiology and Ecology","first-page":"137","article-title":"Mayaro virus disease","author":"Pinheiro","year":"1988"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"67","article-title":"Mayaro virus disease: an emerging mosquito-borne zoonosis in tropical South America","volume":"28","author":"Tesh","year":"1999"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"674","article-title":"An outbreak of MAYARO virus disease in Belterra, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2004"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Family cluster of Mayaro fever, Venezuela","volume":"10","author":"Torres","year":"2004"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"483","article-title":"Arbovirus studies in southwestern Venezuela during 1973\u20131981. II. Isolations and further studies of Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis, Una, Itaqui, and Moju viruses","volume":"33","author":"Walder","year":"1984"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p7.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:14:22Z","timestamp":1723058062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p7.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0543","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]}}}