{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:40:54Z","timestamp":1762875654434},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Interrelationships among bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites were explored in a cross-sectional survey of 213 pregnant and 99 lactating indigenous women. Prevalences in pregnancy and lactation, respectively, were: vaginitis (89.2%; 46.8%), vaginal trichomoniasis (75.3%; 91.1%), bacterial vaginosis (BV; 60.6%; 63.3%), hookworm (56.6%; 47.8%), asymptomatic bacteriuria\/urinary tract infection (AB\/UTI; 56.2%; 36.2%), cervicitis (33.3%; 6.3%), vaginal yeast (24.9%; 11.4%), <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> (32.5%; 17.4%), vaginal diplococci (20.4%; 31.6%), caries (19.7%; 18.2%), scabies (17.4%; 8.1%), and <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic> (12.5%; 8.7%). Multiple regressions revealed positive associations during pregnancy (trichomoniasis and AB\/UTI; diplococci and <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>) and lactation (yeast and scabies). Negative associations were detected in pregnancy (BV and trichomoniasis; hookworm and diplococci) and lactation (BV and yeast). Vaginal <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> reduced odds of diplococci in pregnancy and lactation, but increased <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> eggs per gram (epg) and odds of trichomoniasis in pregnancy and yeast in lactation. These associations raised a concern that treatment of one condition may increase the risk of another.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T11:45:05Z","timestamp":1427888705000},"page":"1100-1110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Interactions Among Urogenital, Intestinal, Skin, and Oral Infections in Pregnant and Lactating Panamanian Ng\u00e4be Women: A Neglected Public Health Challenge"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Doris","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristine G.","family":"Koski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odalis 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