{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:01:25Z","timestamp":1791241285983,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2000, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) occurred in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Since then there have been sparse efforts to monitor for RVFV reemergence. During 2012, we enrolled 300 individuals with ruminant exposure and 50 age-group matched non-exposed controls in southwestern KSA, in a cross-sectional epidemiological study of RVFV. Sera from the participants were screened with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-RVFV IgG antibodies of which 39 (11.1%) were positive. Sixteen (41.0%) of those 39 were also positive by a plaque reduction neutralization assay (PRNT). The PRNT-positive subjects were further studied with an IgM ELISA and one was positive. No RVFV was detected in the 350 sera using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Contact with cattle (odds ratio [OR] = 3.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 9.90) and a history of chronic medical illness (OR = 6.41, 95% CI 1.75, 23.44) were associated with greater odds of RVFV seropositivity by PRNT. The IgM-positive participant was 36 years of age, and reported multiple risk factors for ruminant contact. Although these findings simply may be vestiges of the 2000 epidemic, KSA's frequent visits from pilgrims and importations of live animals from RVFV-endemic areas suggest that more comprehensive surveillance for imported RVFV virus in ruminants, mosquitoes, and travelers is imperative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T02:58:31Z","timestamp":1422932311000},"page":"739-743","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Elevated Antibodies Against Rift Valley Fever Virus Among Humans with Exposure to Ruminants in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Ziad A.","family":"Memish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malak A.","family":"Masri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary L.","family":"Heil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunter R.","family":"Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salah U.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alsahly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol","first-page":"545","article-title":"Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from East Africa","volume":"34","author":"Daubney","year":"1931"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"905","article-title":"Outbreak of Rift Valley fever \u2013 Saudi Arabia, August\u2013October, 2000","volume":"49","author":"CDC","year":"2000"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"1513","article-title":"The status of Rift Valley fever in animals in Saudi Arabia: a mini review","volume":"11","author":"Al-Afaleq","year":"2011"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Rev Sci Tech","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Factors associated with Rift Valley fever in south-west Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Elfadil","year":"2006"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances","first-page":"258","article-title":"Cross-sectional, longitudinal and prospective epidemiological studies of Rift Valley fever in Al-Hasa Oasis, Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Al-Qabati","year":"2010"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in animals in Saudi Arabia","volume":"44","author":"Al-Afaleq","year":"2012"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Rev Sci Tech","first-page":"1131","article-title":"The persistence of rift valley fever in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Elfadil","year":"2006"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"111","article-title":"Rift Valley fever in southwestern Saudi Arabia: a sero-epidemiological study seven years after the outbreak of 2000\u20132001","volume":"123","author":"Al-Azraqi","year":"2012"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"J Infect Public Health","first-page":"230","article-title":"Rift Valley fever among children and adolescents in southwestern Saudi Arabia","volume":"6","author":"Al Azraqi","year":"2013"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2316","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Alkhurma and other hemorrhagic fever viruses, Saudi Arabia","volume":"17","author":"Memish","year":"2011"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"173","article-title":"Validation of IgG-sandwich and IgM-capture ELISA for the detection of antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in humans","volume":"124","author":"Paweska","year":"2005"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"E9","article-title":"Molecular virology: was the 1918 flu avian in origin?","volume":"440","author":"Antonovics","year":"2006"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","first-page":"1013","article-title":"The measurement of specific antibodies in Bolivian hemorrhagic fever by neutralization of virus plaques","volume":"130","author":"Webb","year":"1969"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","first-page":"741","article-title":"A plaque neutralization method for arboviruses","volume":"125","author":"Earley","year":"1967"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3506","article-title":"Highly sensitive and broadly reactive quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for high-throughput detection of Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"45","author":"Bird","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/4\/article-p739.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/4\/article-p739.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/4\/article-p739.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:25:37Z","timestamp":1723058737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/4\/article-p739.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0575","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}}}