{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:37:35Z","timestamp":1777426655085,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemoglobin E is largely confined to south and southeast Asia. The association between hemoglobin E (HbE) and malaria is less clear than that of hemoglobin S and C. As part of a malaria study in the Chittagong Hill Districts of Bangladesh, an initial random sample of 202 individuals showed that 39% and 49% of Marma and Khyang ethnic groups, respectively, were positive for either heterozygous or homozygous hemoglobin E. In this group, 6.4% were also found to be severely deficient and 35% mildly deficient for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). In a separate <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> malaria case\u2013uninfected control study, the odds of having homozygous hemoglobin E (HbEE) compared with normal hemoglobin (HbAA) were higher among malaria cases detected by passive surveillance than age and location matched uninfected controls (odds ratio [OR] = 5.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07\u201346.93). The odds of heterozygous hemoglobin E (HbAE) compared with HbAA were similar between malaria cases and uninfected controls (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.42\u20131.19). No association by hemoglobin type was found in the initial parasite density or the proportion parasite negative after 2 days of artemether\/lumefantrine treatment. HbEE, but not HbAE status was associated with increased passive case detection of malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T02:00:42Z","timestamp":1435024842000},"page":"281-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hemoglobin E and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in the Chittagong Hill Districts of Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Kerry L.","family":"Shannon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabeena","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafizur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chai S.","family":"Prue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Khyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malathi","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Zahirul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory E.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Shields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myaing M.","family":"Nyunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wasif A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"2358","article-title":"Hemoglobin C associated with protection from severe malaria in the Dogon of Mali, a west African population with a low prevalence of hemoglobin S","volume":"96","author":"Agarwal","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"305","article-title":"Haemoglobin C protects against clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"414","author":"Modiano","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Hemoglobin C and resistance to severe malaria in Ghanaian 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