{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:03:14Z","timestamp":1790431394012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The human body louse is known as a vector for the transmission of three serious diseases\u2014specifically, epidemic typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever caused by <jats:italic>Rickettsia prowazekii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bartonella quintana<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Borrelia recurrentis<\/jats:italic>, respectively\u2014that have killed millions of people. It is also suspected in the transmission of a fourth pathogen, <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>, which is the etiologic agent of plague. To date, human lice belonging to the genus <jats:italic>Pediculus<\/jats:italic> have been classified into three mitochondrial clades: A, B, and C. Here, we describe a fourth mitochondrial clade, Clade D, comprising head and body lice. Clade D may be a vector of <jats:italic>B. quintana<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>, which is prevalent in a highly plague-endemic area near the Rethy Health District, Orientale Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T03:25:16Z","timestamp":1442892316000},"page":"990-993","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["A New Clade of African Body and Head Lice Infected by Bartonella quintana and Yersinia pestis\u2014Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Rezak","family":"Drali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Shako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Davoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Diatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals","first-page":"3","article-title":"Lice (Phthiraptera)","author":"Durden","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Curr Biol","first-page":"1414","article-title":"Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing","volume":"13","author":"Kittler","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e58088","article-title":"Distinguishing body lice from head lice by multiplex real-time PCR analysis of the Phum_PHUM540560 gene","volume":"8","author":"Drali","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1724","article-title":"Controlled study of malathion and d-phenothrin lotions for Pediculus humanus var capitis-infested schoolchildren","volume":"344","author":"Chosidow","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"357","article-title":"Arthropod-borne diseases associated with political and social disorder","volume":"56","author":"Brouqui","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"294","article-title":"Detection of Bartonella quintana in African body and head lice","volume":"91","author":"Sangare","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"888","article-title":"The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases","volume":"29","author":"Raoult","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"CR Acad Sci","first-page":"849","article-title":"Recherches exp\u00e9rimentales sur la peste. 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