{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:02:22Z","timestamp":1783954942583,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is a leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the United States. Annual seasonal outbreaks vary in size and location. Predicting where and when higher than normal WNV transmission will occur can help direct limited public health resources. We developed models for the contiguous United States to identify meteorological anomalies associated with above average incidence of WNV neuroinvasive disease from 2004 to 2012. We used county-level WNV data reported to ArboNET and meteorological data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System. As a result of geographic differences in WNV transmission, we divided the United States into East and West, and 10 climate regions. Above average annual temperature was associated with increased likelihood of higher than normal WNV disease incidence, nationally and in most regions. Lower than average annual total precipitation was associated with higher disease incidence in the eastern United States, but the opposite was true in most western regions. Although multiple factors influence WNV transmission, these findings show that anomalies in temperature and precipitation are associated with above average WNV disease incidence. Readily accessible meteorological data may be used to develop predictive models to forecast geographic areas with elevated WNV disease risk before the coming season.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]],"date-time":"2015-03-24T02:23:20Z","timestamp":1427163800000},"page":"1013-1022","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Meteorological Conditions Associated with Increased Incidence of West Nile Virus Disease in the United States, 2004\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Micah B.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Monaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Eisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Delorey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole P.","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger S.","family":"Nasci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"West Nile Virus Statistics and Maps","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"261","article-title":"Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey","volume":"358","author":"Mostashari","year":"2001"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"395","article-title":"West Nile virus infections projected from blood donor screening data, 2003","volume":"12","author":"Busch","year":"2006"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1354","article-title":"West Nile fever characteristics among viremic persons Identified through blood donor screening","volume":"202","author":"Zou","year":"2010"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"684","article-title":"Neuroinvasive disease and West Nile virus infection, North Dakota, USA, 1999\u20132008","volume":"18","author":"Carson","year":"2012"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1807","article-title":"The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999","volume":"344","author":"Nash","year":"2001"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for human West Nile Virus disease\u2014United States, 1999\u20132008","volume":"59","author":"Lindsey","year":"2010"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"513","article-title":"West Nile virus and other arboviral diseases\u2014United States, 2012","volume":"62","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"163","article-title":"Lack of evidence of increased West Nile virus disease severity in the United States in 2012","volume":"90","author":"Lindsey","year":"2014"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Immunotherapy","first-page":"269","article-title":"Vaccines and immunotherapeutics for the prevention and treatment of infections with West Nile virus","volume":"3","author":"Beasley","year":"2011"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"308","article-title":"West Nile virus: review of the literature","volume":"310","author":"Petersen","year":"2013"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Adv Virus Res","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61005-5","article-title":"West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America","volume":"61","author":"Komar","year":"2003"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"ArboNET Database","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"U.S. Census Population Estimates","author":"U.S. Census Bureau","year":"2014"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics","article-title":"Z-scores","author":"Abdi","year":"2007"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"J Geophys Res","first-page":"D03109","article-title":"Continental-scale water and energy flux analysis and validation for the North American Land Data Assimilation System project phase 2 (NLDAS-2): 1. 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