{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T23:16:01Z","timestamp":1723072561439},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>At the end of World War I, British medical officers noted that soldiers infected with malaria were more likely to die during the 1918 influenza pandemic than those without malaria. This synergistic mortality appeared to be specific to <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> and has not been generally noted since 1920. A possible explanation is that a malaria-induced procoagulant state enhanced the activation of influenza virus to increase inflammation and subsequent severe clinical outcomes. Falciparum proteins bind and likely inhibit antithrombin 3 and other factors. Pathogens interact in ways that may inform pathophysiology studies of remote epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]],"date-time":"2015-03-24T02:23:20Z","timestamp":1427163800000},"page":"941-942","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Synergistic Mortality Caused by Plasmodium falciparum During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"G. Dennis","family":"Shanks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"1919","series-title":"Report on Malaria in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force during 1918","author":"Angus","key":"R1"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1699","article-title":"How World War 1 changed global attitudes to war and infectious diseases","volume":"384","author":"Shanks","year":"2014"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1018","article-title":"The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century","volume":"195","author":"Morens","year":"2007"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"121","article-title":"The causes of death from malaria in Palestine: a study in cellular pathology","volume":"13","author":"Fairley","year":"1920"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"79","article-title":"Experiences of malaria in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force","volume":"195","author":"Manson-Bahr","year":"1920"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"J R Army Med Corps","first-page":"83","article-title":"Malaria in Macedonia, 1915\u20131919","volume":"37","author":"Wenyon","year":"1921"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"Medical Services Diseases of the War","first-page":"174","article-title":"Influenza","author":"French","year":"1922"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"900","article-title":"The activation of vivax malaria hypnozoites by infectious diseases","volume":"13","author":"Shanks","year":"2013"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Medical Services History of the Great War","first-page":"252","article-title":"Casualties and medical statistics of the Great War","author":"Mitchell","year":"1931"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"Medical Services Diseases of the War","first-page":"493","article-title":"East Africa campaign","author":"MacPhearson","year":"1924"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Blood","first-page":"6347","article-title":"Inhibition of antithrombin by Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II","volume":"117","author":"Ndonwi","year":"2011"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1003229","article-title":"Plasminogen controls inflammation and pathogenesis of influenza virus infections via fibrinolysis","volume":"9","author":"Berri","year":"2013"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"3200","article-title":"Proteolytic activation of the 1918 influenza virus hemagglutinin","volume":"83","author":"Chaipan","year":"2009"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"201","article-title":"Pathogenic responses among young adults during the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"18","author":"Shanks","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/5\/article-p941.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/5\/article-p941.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/5\/article-p941.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:20:49Z","timestamp":1723058449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/92\/5\/article-p941.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,6]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0792","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,6]]}}}