{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:30:12Z","timestamp":1790400612304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nodding syndrome (NS) is a poorly understood condition, which was delineated in 2008 as a new epilepsy syndrome. So far, confirmed cases of NS have been observed in three circumscribed African areas: southern Tanzania, southern Sudan, and northern Uganda. Case\u2013control studies have provided evidence of an association between NS and infection with <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>, but the causation of NS is still not fully clarified. We report a case of a 15-year old boy with head nodding seizures and other characteristic features of NS from an onchocerciasis endemic area in western Uganda, with no contiguity to the hitherto known areas. We suggest that the existence of NS should be systematically investigated in other areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,28]],"date-time":"2015-04-28T02:21:46Z","timestamp":1430187706000},"page":"198-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Nodding Syndrome, Western Uganda, 1994"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Rubaale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ephraim","family":"Tukesiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Asaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand","first-page":"57","article-title":"Epilepsy in the Wapagoro tribe in Tanganyika","volume":"41","author":"Aall-Jilek","year":"1965"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"2008","article-title":"The head nodding syndrome\u2014clinical classification and possible causes","volume":"49","author":"Winkler","year":"2008"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"714","article-title":"Nodding disease: mystery of southern Sudan","volume":"2","author":"Lacey","year":"2003"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"Afr Health Sci","first-page":"242","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of nodding syndrome in Mundry County, southern Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Tumwine","year":"2012"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"166","article-title":"Clinical, neurological and electro-physiological features of nodding syndrome, Uganda: an observational case series","volume":"12","author":"Sejvar","year":"2013"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e66419","article-title":"An epidemiologic investigation of potential risk factors for nodding syndrome in Kitgum District, Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Foltz","year":"2013"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e002540","article-title":"Nodding syndrome in Ugandan children\u2014clinical features, brain imaging and complications: a case series","volume":"3","author":"Idro","year":"2013"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"Ethn Health","first-page":"100","article-title":"Nodding syndrome or disease? On the conceptualization of an illness-in-the-making","volume":"19","author":"Van Bemmel","year":"2014"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1374","article-title":"Nodding syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Dowell","year":"2013"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"International Scientific Meeting on Nodding Syndrome, Kampala, Uganda, 30 July\u20131 August 2012","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"361","article-title":"The prevalence of epilepsy follows the distribution of onchocerciasis in a west Ugandan focus","volume":"74","author":"Kaiser","year":"1996"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"247","article-title":"High incidence of epilepsy related to onchocerciasis in west Uganda","volume":"30","author":"Kaiser","year":"1998"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"225","article-title":"Association between onchocerciasis and epilepsy in the Itwara hyperendemic focus, west Uganda: controlling for time and intensity of exposure","volume":"85","author":"Kaiser","year":"2011"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot","first-page":"255","article-title":"Clinical and electro-clinical classification of epileptic seizures in west Uganda","volume":"93","author":"Kaiser","year":"2000"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"203","article-title":"The elimination of the vector Simulium neavei from the Itwara onchocerciasis focus in Uganda by ground larviciding","volume":"111","author":"Garms","year":"2009"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"Trop Doct","first-page":"73","article-title":"Antiepileptic drug treatment in rural Africa: involving the community","volume":"28","author":"Kaiser","year":"1998"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Introducing Anti-Epileptic Treatment into Primary Health Care: A Case Study in an Area of High Epilepsy Prevalence in Kabarole District, West Uganda","author":"Kaiser","year":"1998"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"48","article-title":"Mortality from epilepsy in an onchocerciasis-endemic area in west Uganda","volume":"101","author":"Kaiser","year":"2007"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"NCHS Growth Curves for Children: Birth\u201318 Years","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"1977"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Neuroepidemiology","first-page":"35","article-title":"See-ee: clinical characteristics of highly prevalent seizure disorders in the Gbawein and Wroughbarh clan region of Grand Bassa County, Liberia","volume":"2","author":"Van der Waals","year":"1983"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"Liberian Stud J","first-page":"55","article-title":"Contextual Meaning of \u201cSii,\u201d epilepsy, in a part of Grand Bassa County, Liberia","volume":"10","author":"Gerrits","year":"1984"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"200","article-title":"High prevalence of epilepsy in a village in the Littoral Province of Cameroon","volume":"82","author":"Prischich","year":"2008"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in Ulanga, a rural Tanzanian district: a community-based study","volume":"33","author":"Rwiza","year":"1992"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"86","article-title":"A longitudinal study on nodding syndrome\u2014a new African epilepsy disorder","volume":"55","author":"Winkler","year":"2014"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Trop Doct","first-page":"173","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of people with head nodding in southern Tanzania","volume":"40","author":"Winkler","year":"2010"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Afr Health Sci","first-page":"219","article-title":"Proposed guidelines for the management of nodding syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Idro","year":"2013"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e006476","article-title":"Patients with nodding syndrome in Uganda improve with symptomatic treatment: a cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Idro","year":"2014"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"530","article-title":"Fatal liver failure in 16 children with valproate therapy","volume":"29","author":"Scheffner","year":"1988"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"244","article-title":"Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes at age 6 years (NEAD study): a prospective observational study","volume":"12","author":"Meador","year":"2013"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"PLoS ONE","first-page":"e108970","article-title":"Valproic acid and fatalities in children: a review of individual case safety reports in VigiBase","volume":"9","author":"Star","year":"2014"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Epileptic Disord","first-page":"349","article-title":"Side effects of phenobarbital in epilepsy: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2011"},{"issue":"(Suppl 8)","key":"R32","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"26","article-title":"How phenobarbital revolutionized epilepsy therapy: the story of phenobarbital in epilepsy in the last 100 years","volume":"53","author":"Yasiry","year":"2012"},{"key":"R33","series-title":"Afr Health Sci","first-page":"183","article-title":"Nodding syndrome in Mundri county, South Sudan: environmental, nutritional and infectious factors","volume":"13","author":"Spencer","year":"2013"},{"key":"R34","series-title":"MMWR","first-page":"52","article-title":"Nodding syndrome\u2014South Sudan, 2011","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012"},{"key":"R35","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e461","article-title":"Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Pion","year":"2009"},{"key":"R36","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2147","article-title":"Case-control studies on the relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kaiser","year":"2013"},{"key":"R37","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1559","article-title":"The role of Onchocerca volvulus in the development of epilepsy in a rural area of Tanzania","volume":"137","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2010"},{"key":"R38","series-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol","first-page":"123","article-title":"Microfilaria in the cerebral fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine","volume":"27","author":"Duke","year":"1976"},{"key":"R39","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"2325","article-title":"Head nodding syndrome and river blindness: a parasitological perspective","volume":"50","author":"Kaiser","year":"2009"},{"issue":"(Suppl 4)","key":"R40","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"58","article-title":"Autoimmune and inflammatory epilepsies","volume":"53","author":"Nabbout","year":"2012"},{"key":"R41","series-title":"J Neuroimmunol","first-page":"103","article-title":"Detection of auto-antibodies to leiomodin-1 in patients with nodding syndrome","volume":"275","author":"Johnson","year":"2014"},{"key":"R42","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and epilepsy: pathophysiologic role and therapeutic approaches","volume":"53","author":"Marchi","year":"2012"},{"key":"R43","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"74","article-title":"Nodding syndrome\u2014a new hypothesis and new direction for research","volume":"27","author":"Colebunders","year":"2014"},{"key":"R44","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"194","article-title":"Nodding syndrome since 2012: recent progress, challenges and recommendations for future research","volume":"20","author":"Colebunders","year":"2015"},{"key":"R45","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"71","article-title":"\u2018These nodding people\u2019: experiences of having a child with nodding syndrome in postconflict northern Uganda","volume":"42","author":"Buchmann","year":"2014"},{"key":"R46","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2032","article-title":"African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control 1995\u20132015: model-estimated health impact and cost","volume":"7","author":"Coffeng","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p198.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p198.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p198.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:15:06Z","timestamp":1723058106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p198.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0838","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]}}}