{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:48:15Z","timestamp":1767908895433,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Yaws is a neglected infectious disease that affects mostly children and adolescents living in poor, rural communities in humid, tropical areas of Africa, southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. The etiological agent of yaws, <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> subspecies <jats:italic>pertenue<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. pertenue<\/jats:italic>), was discovered by Aldo Castellani in 1905 shortly after Schaudinn and Hoffmann discovered the etiological agent of syphilis, <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> subspecies <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>. The discovery of <jats:italic>T. pertenue<\/jats:italic> enabled the development of animal models and the identification of an effective antibiotic treatment (i.e., penicillin) for yaws. A World Health Organization (WHO) mass treatment campaign from 1952 to 1964 reduced the global burden of yaws by 95%, but failed to eradicate this disease. Today, 110 years after Castellani's discovery of <jats:italic>T. pertenue<\/jats:italic>, yaws is again targeted for eradication. Recent advances in the treatment and diagnosis of yaws improve the likelihood of success this time. However, several challenges must be overcome to make the goal of yaws eradication attainable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,14]],"date-time":"2015-04-14T01:46:10Z","timestamp":1428975970000},"page":"4-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Yaws: 110 Years After Castellani's Discovery of Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Lola V.","family":"Stamm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"R1","series-title":"Brit Med Bull","first-page":"91","article-title":"Yaws","volume":"113","author":"Marks","year":"2014"},{"key":"R2","series-title":"Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"119","article-title":"Epidemiology of yaws: an update","volume":"6","author":"Kazadi","year":"2014"},{"key":"R3","series-title":"Br J Vener Dis","first-page":"459","article-title":"Fritz Richard Schaudinn, 1871\u20131906. Protozoologist of syphilis","volume":"47","author":"Thorburn","year":"1971"},{"key":"R4","series-title":"J Ceylon Branch Brit Med Assoc","first-page":"54","article-title":"On the presence of spirochaetes in some cases of parangi (yaws, framboesia tropica) preliminary note","volume":"2","author":"Castellani","year":"1905"},{"key":"R5","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1330","article-title":"Further observations on parangi (yaws)","volume":"2","author":"Castellani","year":"1905"},{"key":"R6","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1511","article-title":"Note on the spirochaete of yaws (Spirochaeta pertenuis)","volume":"2","author":"Castellani","year":"1907"},{"key":"R7","series-title":"J Trop Med","first-page":"345","article-title":"On a spirochaete found in yaws papules","volume":"8","author":"Wellman","year":"1905"},{"key":"R8","series-title":"J Hyg (Lond)","first-page":"558","article-title":"Experimental investigations on framboesia tropica (yaws)","volume":"7","author":"Castellani","year":"1907"},{"key":"R9","series-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Researches on the transmission of yaws to monkeys","volume":"53","author":"Neisser","year":"1906"},{"key":"R10","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"616","article-title":"Experimental yaws in the monkey and rabbit","volume":"12","author":"Nichols","year":"1910"},{"key":"R11","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1458","article-title":"Observations on the treatment of yaws (framboesia)","volume":"170","author":"Castellani","year":"1907"},{"key":"R12","series-title":"Pharmacol","first-page":"171","article-title":"The contributions of Paul Ehrlich to pharmacology: a tribute on the occasion of the centenary of his Nobel Prize","volume":"82","author":"Bosch","year":"2008"},{"key":"R13","series-title":"J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"61","article-title":"Note on the internal treatment of yaws","volume":"18","author":"Castellani","year":"1915"},{"key":"R14","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"189","article-title":"Treatment of yaws and other diseases in the Belgian Congo by Neosalvarsan","volume":"10","author":"Greggio","year":"1917"},{"key":"R15","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"412","article-title":"The treatment of yaws (framboesia) with arsenobenzol (Salvarsan)","volume":"13","author":"Strong","year":"1911"},{"key":"R16","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"14","article-title":"Salvarsan in yaws","volume":"1","author":"Alston","year":"1912"},{"key":"R17","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1609","article-title":"Treatment of yaws by intramuscular injections of Salvarsan. A report on a series of 45 cases treated at the yaws hospital, St. George's, Grenada, BWI","volume":"182","author":"Cockin","year":"1913"},{"key":"R18","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"649","article-title":"Salvarsan in the treatment of yaws","volume":"186","author":"McDonald","year":"1915"},{"key":"R19","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"196","article-title":"Further observations on certain features of experimental syphilis and yaws in the rabbit","volume":"14","author":"Nichols","year":"1911"},{"key":"R20","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"370","article-title":"Treatment of yaws by intravenous and intramuscular injections of salvarsan and neosalvarsan","volume":"184","author":"Harper","year":"1914"},{"key":"R21","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"49","article-title":"A comparison of the response of yaws and syphilis in the rabbit to therapy with mapharsen and neoarsphenamine","volume":"71","author":"Longley","year":"1941"},{"key":"R22","series-title":"Am J Public Health","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Penicillin treatment of early syphilis\u2014a preliminary report","volume":"33","author":"Mahoney","year":"1943"},{"key":"R23","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"311","article-title":"Preliminary report on the evaluation of penicillin in the treatment of yaws","volume":"26","author":"Dwindelle","year":"1946"},{"key":"R24","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3016","article-title":"Eradication of yaws: historical efforts and achieving WHO's 2020 target","volume":"8","author":"Asiedu","year":"2014"},{"key":"R25","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"189","article-title":"Eradication of yaws\u2014the Morges strategy","volume":"87","author":"The World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"R26","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"342","article-title":"Single-dose azithromycin versus benzathine benzylpenicillin for treatment of yaws in children in Papua New Guinea: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomized trial","volume":"379","author":"Mitja","year":"2012"},{"key":"R27","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"703","article-title":"Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for yaws","volume":"372","author":"Mitja","year":"2015"},{"key":"R28","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e415","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid point-of-care test for active yaws: a comparative study","volume":"2","author":"Ayove","year":"2014"},{"key":"R29","series-title":"JAMA Dermatol","first-page":"933","article-title":"Yaws: renewed hope for eradication","volume":"150","author":"Stamm","year":"2014"},{"key":"R30","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Syphilis: antibiotic treatment and resistance","volume":"143","author":"Stamm","year":"2015"},{"key":"R31","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"295","article-title":"Oral azithromycin for treatment of yaws","volume":"379","author":"Mabey","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p4.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p4.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p4.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T19:14:48Z","timestamp":1723058088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/93\/1\/article-p4.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0147","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]}}}