{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:08:32Z","timestamp":1790795312869,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An increased incidence of monkeypox (MPX) infections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was noted by the regional surveillance system in October 2013. Little information exists regarding how MPX is introduced into the community and the factors associated with transmission within the household. Sixty-eight wild animals were collected and tested for <jats:italic>Orthopoxvirus<\/jats:italic>. Two of three rope squirrels (<jats:italic>Funisciurus<\/jats:italic> sp.) were positive for antibodies to <jats:italic>Orthopoxviruses<\/jats:italic>; however, no increased risk was associated with the consumption or preparation of rope squirrels. A retrospective cohort investigation and a case\u2013control investigation were performed to identify risk factors affecting the introduction of monkeypox virus (MPXV) into the community and transmission within the home. School-age males were the individuals most frequently identified as the first person infected in the household and were the group most frequently affected overall. Risk factors of acquiring MPXV in a household included sleeping in the same room or bed, or using the same plate or cup as the primary case. There was no significant risk associated with eating or processing of wild animals. Activities associated with an increased risk of MPXV transmission all have potential for virus exposure to the mucosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,27]],"date-time":"2015-05-27T13:32:12Z","timestamp":1432733532000},"page":"410-415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["Introduction of Monkeypox into a Community and Household: Risk Factors and Zoonotic Reservoirs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Leisha Diane","family":"Nolen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynda","family":"Osadebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Katomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Likofata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mukadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Doty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lem's","family":"Kalemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Malekani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelle","family":"Kabamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre Lokwa","family":"Bomponda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules Inonga","family":"Lokota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel Pie","family":"Balilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toutou","family":"Likafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Shongo","family":"Lushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques Muyembe","family":"Tamfum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emile Wemakoy","family":"Okitolonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"McCollum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary G.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"293","article-title":"Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients","volume":"156","author":"Jezek","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e28295","article-title":"Monkeypox disease transmission in an experimental setting: prairie dog animal model","volume":"6","author":"Hutson","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"773","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection","volume":"194","author":"Reynolds","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"428","article-title":"Extended interhuman transmission of 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