{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:57:40Z","timestamp":1793170660475,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in the field may set the stage for a changing landscape of diarrheal illness affecting children worldwide. Norovirus and rotavirus are the two major viral enteropathogens of childhood. This study describes the prevalence of norovirus and rotavirus 2 years after widespread rotavirus vaccination in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Stool samples from hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and outpatients aged 5\u201324 months without AGE were recruited from an urban hospital serving Bolivia's third largest city. Both viruses were genotyped, and norovirus GII.4 was further sequenced. Norovirus was found much more frequently than rotavirus. Norovirus was detected in 69\/201 (34.3%) of specimens from children with AGE and 13\/71 (18.3%) of those without diarrhea. Rotavirus was detected in 38\/201 (18.9%) of diarrheal specimens and 3\/71 (4.2%) of non-diarrheal specimens. Norovirus GII was identified in 97.8% of norovirus-positive samples; GII.4 was the most common genotype (71.4% of typed specimens). Rotavirus G3P[8] was the most prevalent rotavirus genotype (44.0% of typed specimens) and G2P[4] was second most prevalent (16.0% of typed specimens). This community is likely part of a trend toward norovirus predominance over rotavirus in children after widespread vaccination against rotavirus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T03:15:54Z","timestamp":1448334954000},"page":"212-217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Burden of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Casey L.","family":"McAtee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Webman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caryn","family":"Bern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Apaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Espetia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Pajuelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxanna","family":"Challappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose P.","family":"Ribera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faustino","family":"Torrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1224","article-title":"Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"136","article-title":"2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tate","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"282","article-title":"Surveillance of group A Rotavirus in Buenos Aires 2008\u20132011, long lasting circulation of G2P[4] strains possibly linked to massive monovalent vaccination in the region","volume":"60","author":"Mandile","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"483","article-title":"Multiple norovirus infections in a birth cohort in a Peruvian periurban community","volume":"58","author":"Saito","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"e762","article-title":"Rotavirus genotype distribution during the pre-vaccine period in Bolivia: 2007\u20132008","volume":"17","author":"Rivera","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(Suppl 3)","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"C99","article-title":"Temporal trends in diarrhea-related hospitalizations and deaths in children under age 5 before and after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in four Latin American countries","volume":"31","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Surveillance of norovirus infections in the state of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 2005\u20132008","volume":"82","author":"Ferreira","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"844","article-title":"Norovirus highly prevalent cause of endemic acute diarrhea in children in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"28","author":"Yori","year":"2009"},{"issue":"(Suppl)","key":"ref9","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"S168","article-title":"Rotavirus strain surveillance in Latin America: a review of the last nine years","volume":"23","author":"Castello","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"11","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis","volume":"354","author":"Ruiz-Palacios","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"23","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine","volume":"354","author":"Vesikari","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Hospital-based surveillance to evaluate the impact of Rotavirus vaccination in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"29","author":"S\u00e1fadi","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Mapa de introducci\u00f3n de las nuevas vacunas","author":"OPS","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"f3726","article-title":"Effectiveness of monovalent rotavirus vaccine in Bolivia: case-control study","volume":"346","author":"Patel","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Review of National Immunization Coverage for Plurinational State of Bolivia","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Gaceta M\u00e9dica Boliviana","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enteritis por Rotavirus durante La Temporada Rotav\u00edrica Marzo-Julio antes y despu\u00e9s de la Implementaci\u00f3n de la vacuna Rotarix Centro Pedi\u00e1trico Albina Pati\u00f1o (CPAP)","volume":"33","author":"Per\u00e9z","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Arch Pediatr Urug","first-page":"170","article-title":"Enfermedades diarreicas agudas asociadas a rotavirus","volume":"78","author":"Romero","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"National Data, Bolivia","author":"World Bank","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Bolivia: P Y Distribuci\u00f3n Del Agua En La Vivienda, Por Departamento, Seg\u00fan \u00c1rea Geogr\u00e1fica, Censos De 2001, Y 2012","author":"Bolivia INE","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Bolivia: Nivel De Instrucci\u00f3n Alcanzado Por La Poblaci\u00f3n De 19 A\u00f1os Y M\u00e1s De Edad, Por Sexo, Seg\u00fan \u00c1rea Geogr\u00e1fica","author":"Bolivia INE","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Scand J Infect Dis","first-page":"259","article-title":"Rotavirus disease in Finnish children: use of numerical scores for clinical severity of diarrhoeal episodes","volume":"22","author":"Ruuska","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Arch Pediatr","first-page":"47","article-title":"WHO growth standards for infants and young children [in French]","volume":"16","author":"de Onis","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Vis Exp","first-page":"e3232","article-title":"Detection and genogrouping of noroviruses from children's stools by Taqman one-step RT-PCR","volume":"65","author":"Apaza","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"107","article-title":"Genogroup-specific PCR primers for detection of Norwalk-like viruses","volume":"100","author":"Kojima","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Genome Res","first-page":"868","article-title":"CAP3: a DNA sequence assembly program","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"121","article-title":"An automated genotyping tool for enteroviruses and noroviruses","volume":"51","author":"Kroneman","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1365","article-title":"Identification of group A rotavirus gene 4 types by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"30","author":"Gentsch","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"276","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus nucleic acid from stool specimens","volume":"28","author":"Gouvea","year":"1990"},{"issue":"(Suppl 4)","key":"ref29","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"S246","article-title":"Statistical methods in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)","volume":"55","author":"Blackwelder","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in U.S. children","volume":"368","author":"Payne","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e98201","article-title":"Predominance of norovirus and sapovirus in Nicaragua after implementation of universal rotavirus vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Bucardo","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of an oral live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis during the first 2 years of life in Latin American infants: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study","volume":"371","author":"Linhares","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"63","article-title":"Diagnosing norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease using viral load","volume":"9","author":"Phillips","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Genetic and evolutionary characterization of norovirus from sewage and surface waters in Cordoba City, Argentina","volume":"11","author":"Blanco Fernandez","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica","first-page":"92","article-title":"Rotavirus morbidity and mortality in children in Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Sartori","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"986","article-title":"Rotavirus seasonal distribution and prevalence before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in a peri-urban community of Lima, Peru","volume":"92","author":"Chang","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"S35","article-title":"Laboratory-based rotavirus surveillance during the introduction of a vaccination program, Brazil, 2005\u20132009","volume":"30","author":"Carvalho-Costa","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol","first-page":"142","article-title":"Rotavirus genotypes in children with gastroenteritis assisted in two public hospitals from Chile: viral strains circulating in a country without a universal vaccination against rotavirus [in Spanish]","volume":"29","author":"Lucero","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"754","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of group a rotavirus among children admitted to hospital in Salto, Uruguay, 2011\u20132012: first detection of the emerging genotype G12","volume":"87","author":"Tort","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"363","article-title":"Effectiveness of monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix) against severe diarrhea caused by serotypically unrelated G2P[4] strains in Brazil","volume":"201","author":"Correia","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"261","article-title":"Live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine, RIX4414, provides clinical protection in infants against rotavirus strains with and without shared G and P genotypes","volume":"28","author":"De Vos","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"396","article-title":"Effectiveness of the monovalent G1P[8] human rotavirus vaccine against hospitalization for severe G2P[4] rotavirus gastroenteritis in Bel\u00e9m, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Justino","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"591","article-title":"Apparent extinction of non-G2 rotavirus strains from circulation in Recife, Brazil, after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine","volume":"153","author":"Nakagomi","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"847","article-title":"Distribution of rotavirus strains and strain-specific effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine after its introduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Leshem","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"292","article-title":"Comparison of Premier\u2122 Rotaclone\u00ae, ProSpecT\u2122, and RIDASCREEN\u00ae rotavirus enzyme immunoassay kits for detection of rotavirus antigen in stool specimens","volume":"58","author":"Gautam","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Comparison of 2 assays for diagnosing rotavirus and evaluating vaccine effectiveness in children with gastroenteritis","volume":"19","author":"Tate","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/1\/article-p212.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/1\/article-p212.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/1\/article-p212.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:17:19Z","timestamp":1723069039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/1\/article-p212.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0203","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]]}}}