{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:20:09Z","timestamp":1785878409151,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic> infection in mosquitoes (xenomonitoring) can play an important role in determining when lymphatic filariasis has been eliminated, or in focusing control efforts. As mosquito infection rates can be low, a method for collecting large numbers of mosquitoes is necessary. Gravid traps collected large numbers of <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> in Tanzania, and a collection method that targets mosquitoes that have already fed could result in increased sensitivity in detecting <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>-infected mosquitoes. The aim of this experiment was to test this hypothesis by comparing U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps with CDC gravid traps in northeastern Tanzania, where <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> is a vector of lymphatic filariasis. After an initial study where small numbers of mosquitoes were collected, a second study collected 16,316 <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> in 60 gravid trap-nights and 240 light trap-nights. Mosquitoes were pooled and tested for presence of <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic> DNA. Light and gravid traps collected similar numbers of mosquitoes per trap-night, but the physiological status of the mosquitoes was different. The estimated infection rate in mosquitoes collected in light traps was considerably higher than in mosquitoes collected in gravid traps, so light traps can be a useful tool for xenomonitoring work in Tanzania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T02:29:07Z","timestamp":1441765747000},"page":"983-989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparison of Methods for Xenomonitoring in Vectors of Lymphatic Filariasis in Northeastern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Seth R.","family":"Irish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M. B.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya A.","family":"Derua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"377","article-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report on mass drug administration, 2010","volume":"35","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis as a Public Health Problem","author":"WHO","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Sixth Meeting of the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis","article-title":"Half-time in LF elimination: teaming up with NTDs","author":"GAELF","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Parasitol Today","first-page":"401","article-title":"The ICT Filariasis Test: a rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis","volume":"13","author":"Weil","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"591","article-title":"Molecular xenomonitoring of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"77","author":"Bockarie","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"363","article-title":"Application of a polymerase chain reaction-ELISA to detect Wuchereria bancrofti in pools of wild-caught Anopheles punctulatus in a filariasis control area in Papua New Guinea","volume":"62","author":"Bockarie","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"51","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis: house-to-house variation in the vectors and transmission\u2014and the relationship to human infection\u2014in an endemic community of coastal Tanzania","volume":"101","author":"Rwegoshora","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e696","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis control in Tanzania: effect of repeated mass drug administration with ivermectin and albendazole on infection and transmission","volume":"4","author":"Simonsen","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"120","article-title":"Mass treatment with ivermectin for filariasis control in Papua New Guinea: impact on mosquito survival","volume":"13","author":"Bockarie","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods","author":"Silver","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"265","article-title":"Rapid assessment of mosquitoes and arbovirus activity after floods in southeastern Kansas, 2007","volume":"25","author":"Harrison","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1369","article-title":"West Nile virus in California","volume":"10","author":"Reisen","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"209","article-title":"Evaluation of the CDC gravid trap for the surveillance of St. Louis encephalitis vectors in Memphis, Tennessee","volume":"2","author":"Reiter","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"285","article-title":"Comparison of light traps, gravid traps, and resting boxes for West Nile virus surveillance","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"264","article-title":"West Nile virus surveillance in mosquitoes in New York State, 2000\u20132004","volume":"22","author":"Lukacik","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"503","article-title":"Evaluation of four sampling techniques for surveillance of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and other mosquitoes in African rice agroecosystems","volume":"44","author":"Muturi","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"15","article-title":"Evaluation of gravid traps for the collection of Culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of lymphatic filariasis in Tanzania","volume":"107","author":"Irish","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"819","article-title":"Studies on transmission of bancroftian filariasis in north-eastern Tanzania","volume":"65","author":"White","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"188","article-title":"Is the current decline in malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa due to a decrease in vector population?","volume":"10","author":"Meyrowitsch","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. 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