{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T03:54:41Z","timestamp":1772942081840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human anthrax has increased dramatically in Georgia and was recently linked to the sale of meat in an urban market. We assessed epidemiological trends and risk factors for human anthrax at the urban\u2013rural interface. We reviewed epidemiologic records (2000\u20132012) that included the place of residence (classified as urban, peri-urban, or rural), age, gender, and self-reported source of infection (handling or processing animal by-products and slaughtering or butchering livestock). To estimate risk, we used a negative binomial regression. The average incidence per 1 million population in peri-urban areas (24.5 cases) was &gt; 2-fold higher compared with rural areas and &gt; 3-fold higher compared with urban area. Risk from handling or purchasing meat was nearly 2-fold higher in urban areas and &gt; 4-fold higher in peri-urban areas compared with rural area. Our findings suggest a high risk of anthrax in urban and peri-urban areas likely as a result of spillover from contaminated meat and animal by-products. Consumers should be warned to purchase meat only from licensed merchants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]],"date-time":"2015-10-06T00:12:26Z","timestamp":1444090346000},"page":"1156-1159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Human Anthrax Transmission at the Urban\u2013Rural Interface, Georgia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Kracalik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lile","family":"Malania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paata","family":"Imnadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason K.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Anthrax in Humans and Animals","author":"Turnbull","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1524","article-title":"Investigation and control of anthrax outbreak at the human\u2013animal interface, Bhutan, 2010","volume":"20","author":"Thapa","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"703","article-title":"Anthrax outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2009\u20132010","volume":"86","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"261","article-title":"Human cutaneous anthrax, Georgia 2010\u20132012","volume":"20","author":"Kracalik","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2388","article-title":"Evidence of local persistence of human anthrax in the country of Georgia associated with environmental and anthropogenic factors","volume":"7","author":"Kracalik","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"The International Society for Infectious Diseases","author":"ProMED-Mail","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Negative Binomial Regression","author":"Hilbe","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1939","article-title":"Anthrax in eastern Turkey, 1992\u20132004","volume":"11","author":"\u00d6zkurt","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"131","article-title":"Human anthrax in Turkey from 1990 to 2007","volume":"9","author":"Doganay","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Commun Dis Intell","first-page":"189","article-title":"Sporadic human anthrax in urban Brisbane","volume":"22","author":"McCall","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Anthrax in Kazakhstan","author":"Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology 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anthracis","volume":"33","author":"Sirisanthana","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"MMWR","first-page":"36","article-title":"Human ingestion of Bacillus anthracis-contaminated meat\u2014Minnesota, August 2000","volume":"49","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"81","article-title":"Tropical infectious diseases: urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in Africa","volume":"3","author":"Hay","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2985","article-title":"Changing patterns of human anthrax in Azerbaijan during the post-Soviet and preemptive livestock vaccination eras","volume":"8","author":"Kracalik","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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