{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:36:34Z","timestamp":1787870194057,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In children, <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>) frequently disseminates systemically, presenting with nonspecific signs including fever. We determined prevalence of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> bacteremia among febrile children presenting to hospitals in Nyanza, Kenya (a region with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> prevalence). Between March 2013 and February 2014, we enrolled children aged 6 months to 5 years presenting with fever (axillary temperature \u2265 37.5\u00b0C) and no recent antibiotic use. Blood samples were collected for bacterial and mycobacterial culture using standard methods. Among 148 children enrolled, median age was 3.1 years (interquartile range: 1.8\u20134.1 years); 10.3% of children were living with a household member diagnosed with <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> in the last year. Seventeen percent of children were stunted (height-for-age <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>-score &lt; \u22122), 18.6% wasted (weight-for-height <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>-score &lt; \u22122), 2.7% were HIV-infected, and 14.2% were HIV-exposed uninfected. Seventeen children (11.5%) had one or more signs of tuberculosis (TB). All children had a Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination scar. Among 134 viable blood cultures, none (95% confidence interval: 0\u20132.7%) had <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic> isolated. Despite exposure to household TB contacts, HIV exposure, and malnutrition, <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> bacteremia was not detected in this pediatric febrile cohort, a finding consistent with other pediatric studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T02:18:47Z","timestamp":1441073927000},"page":"1087-1091","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacteremia Among Acutely Febrile Children in Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Patricia B.","family":"Pavlinac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline M.","family":"Naulikha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace C.","family":"John-Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frankline M.","family":"Onchiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert O.","family":"Okumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth R.","family":"Sitati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Cranmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica M.","family":"Lokken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson O.","family":"Singa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judd L.","family":"Walson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Murray","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1572","article-title":"Incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis disease in children: systematic review and global estimates","volume":"383","author":"Jenkins","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Guidance for National Tuberculosis Programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 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