{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T04:42:05Z","timestamp":1770266525609,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent evidence suggests an association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Women with FGS have increased numbers of HIV target cells and cell receptors in genital and blood compartments, potentially increasing the risk of HIV transmission per sexual exposure, and the association may explain the high female:male ratio of HIV prevalence unique to sub-Saharan Africa. We investigate this association in Mozambique by linking two georeferenced, high-quality secondary data sources on HIV prevalence and <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>: the AIDS Indicator Survey, and the Global Neglected Tropical Diseases (GNTD) open-source database, respectively. We construct a schistosomiasis exposure covariate indicating women reporting \u201cunimproved\u201d daily drinking water sources and living no more than 2\u20135 km from high-endemic global positioning system (GPS) coordinates in the GNTD. In logistic regression analyses predicting HIV-positive status, we show that exposure increases the odds of HIV-positive status by three times, controlling for demographic and sexual risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T02:18:59Z","timestamp":1458008339000},"page":"1040-1044","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Association Between Schistosoma haematobium Exposure and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Females in Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Paul Henry","family":"Brodish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr","first-page":"E153","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and impaired response to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected patients in Tanzania","volume":"62","author":"Efraim","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"613","article-title":"Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses","volume":"28","author":"Brown","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"AIDS","first-page":"1601","article-title":"Albendazole treatment of HIV-1 and helminth co-infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Walson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"358","article-title":"Determinants of per-coital-act HIV-1 infectivity among African HIV-1-serodiscordant couples","volume":"205","author":"Hughes","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1396","article-title":"Examining the relationship between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Mbabazi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"AIDS","first-page":"1521","article-title":"The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in urban areas, roadside settlements and rural villages in Mwanza Region, Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"Barongo","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Schistosomiasis: A Major Public Health Problem","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Schistosomiasis Fact Sheet","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"640","article-title":"HIV and schistosomiasis co-infection in African children","volume":"14","author":"Bustinduy","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e98953","article-title":"Effect of female genital schistosomiasis and anti-schistosomal treatment on monocytes, CD4+ T-cells and CCR5 expression in the female genital tract","volume":"9","author":"Kleppa","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"AIDS","first-page":"593","article-title":"Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"20","author":"Kjetland","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Int J STD AIDS","first-page":"705","article-title":"Genital schistosomiasis and its unacknowledged role on HIV transmission in the STD intervention studies","volume":"25","author":"Kjetland","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"364","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis in women of reproductive age in Tanzania's Lake Victoria region","volume":"84","author":"Downs","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"868","article-title":"Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infection in Tanzania","volume":"87","author":"Downs","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e430","article-title":"Africa's 32 cents solution for HIV\/AIDS","volume":"3","author":"Hotez","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"A Simple Theory, and A Proposal, on H.I.V. in Africa","author":"McNeil","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"The 2009 National Survey on Prevalence, Behavioral Risks and Information about HIV and AIDS in Mozambique (INSIDA). AIDS Indicator Survey","author":"MEASURE DHS","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1404","article-title":"Toward an open-access global database for mapping, control, and surveillance of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"5","author":"Hurlimann","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"GEONEAR: Stata Module to Find Nearest Neighbors Using Geodetic Distances","author":"Picard","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Improved and Unimproved Water Sources and Sanitation Facilities","author":"WHO\/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"799","article-title":"Geographic distribution and prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among schoolchildren in Mozambique","volume":"81","author":"Augusto","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/5\/article-p1040.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/5\/article-p1040.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/5\/article-p1040.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:07:40Z","timestamp":1723068460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/5\/article-p1040.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0652","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]}}}