{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T06:59:45Z","timestamp":1779173985769,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Naturally acquired immunity to <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> presents a changing landscape as malaria control programs and vaccine initiatives are implemented. Determining which immunologic indicators remain surrogates of past infection, as opposed to mediators of protection, led us to compare stability of immune responses across regions with divergent malaria transmission intensities. A repeat cross-sectional study of Kenyan children from a malaria-holoendemic area and an epidemic-prone area was used to examine longitudinal antibody and interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) responses to the 3D7 and FVO variants of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1). Antibodies to MSP1 were common in both study populations and did not significantly wane over a 21-month time period. IFN-\u03b3 responses were less frequent and rapidly disappeared in children after a prolonged period of no malaria transmission. Antibody and IFN-\u03b3 responses rarely correlated with each other; however, MSP1-specific IFN-\u03b3 response correlated with lack of concurrent <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasitemia of the same genotype, though only statistically significantly in the malaria-holoendemic region (odds ratio = 0.31, 95% confidence interval = 0.12\u20130.84). This study affirms that antimalarial antibodies are informative for evaluation of history of malaria exposure within individuals, whereas cell-mediated immunity, though short lived under natural exposure conditions, might provide an assessment of recent infection and protection from parasitemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T03:04:45Z","timestamp":1470107085000},"page":"580-587","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Longevity of Genotype-Specific Immune Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in Kenyan Children from Regions of Different Malaria Transmission Intensity"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Natalie M.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Juliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina."},{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina."},{"name":"3Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia J.","family":"Snider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Kharabora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Meshnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Vulule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandy C.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Moormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"World Malaria Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1592","article-title":"Operational strategies to achieve and maintain malaria elimination","volume":"376","author":"Moonen","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"168","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in malaria: new insights in vaccine development","volume":"19","author":"Riley","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Illness in travelers visiting friends and relatives: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network","volume":"43","author":"Leder","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis","first-page":"161","article-title":"Malaria and travellers visiting friends and relatives","volume":"8","author":"Pavli","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"733","article-title":"Gamma-globulin and acquired immunity to human malaria","volume":"192","author":"Cohen","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"641","article-title":"Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission II. Descriptive epidemiology of malaria infection and disease among children","volume":"60","author":"Bloland","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"51","article-title":"Immune effector mechanisms in malaria","volume":"28","author":"Marsh","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1000218","article-title":"The relationship between anti-merozoite antibodies and incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Fowkes","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"29","article-title":"Results from tandem Phase 1 studies evaluating the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate antigen Plasmodium falciparum FVO merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP142) administered intramuscularly with adjuvant system AS01","volume":"12","author":"Otsyula","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"162","article-title":"Temporal stability of naturally acquired immunity to merozoite surface protein-1 in Kenyan adults","volume":"8","author":"Dent","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"421","article-title":"Ex vivo interferon-gamma immune response to thrombospondin-related adhesive protein in coastal Kenyans: longevity and risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection","volume":"68","author":"Flanagan","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"585","article-title":"Stability of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 responses to Plasmodium falciparum liver stage antigen-1 and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein in residents of a malaria holoendemic area","volume":"74","author":"Moormann","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"149","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immunity to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 and protection from infection with blood-stage parasites","volume":"208","author":"Moormann","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1001281","article-title":"Short-lived IFN-gamma effector responses, but long-lived IL-10 memory responses, to malaria in an area of low malaria endemicity","volume":"7","author":"Wipasa","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"6022","article-title":"Identification of T and B cell epitopes recognized by humans in the C-terminal 42-kDa domain of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (MSP)-1","volume":"154","author":"Udhayakumar","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol","first-page":"29","article-title":"Proteolytic processing of the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 produces a membrane-bound fragment containing two epidermal growth factor-like domains","volume":"49","author":"Blackman","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"270","article-title":"Primary structure of the precursor to the three major surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites","volume":"317","author":"Holder","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"456","article-title":"Serum antibodies from malaria-exposed people recognize conserved epitopes formed by the two epidermal growth factor motifs of MSP119, the carboxy-terminal fragment of the major merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"63","author":"Egan","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1445","article-title":"The carboxy-terminus of merozoite surface protein 1: structure, specific antibodies and immunity to malaria","volume":"136","author":"Holder","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e24782","article-title":"T cell epitope regions of the P. falciparum MSP1-33 critically influence immune responses and in vitro efficacy of MSP1-42 vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Pusic","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Exposure to holoendemic malaria results in elevated Epstein-Barr virus loads in children","volume":"191","author":"Moormann","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"100","article-title":"Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria and all-cause morbidity in young children in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya: cross-sectional survey","volume":"68","author":"ter Kuile","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"78","article-title":"Malaria hotspot areas in a highland Kenya site are consistent in epidemic and non-epidemic years and are associated with ecological factors","volume":"5","author":"Ernst","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e31753","article-title":"Recurrent Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections in Kenyan children diminish T-cell immunity to Epstein-Barr virus lytic but not latent antigens","volume":"7","author":"Snider","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Serological evidence for long-term Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in children living in a holoendemic malaria region of Kenya","volume":"81","author":"Piriou","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"4573","article-title":"Immunity to recombinant Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1): protection in Aotus nancymai monkeys strongly correlates with anti-MSP1 antibody titer and in vitro parasite-inhibitory activity","volume":"74","author":"Singh","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"4431","article-title":"Allele specificity of gamma interferon responses to the carboxyl-terminal region of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 by Kenyan adults with naturally acquired immunity to malaria","volume":"78","author":"Spring","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"55","article-title":"Restricted genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein 1 in isolates from Colombia","volume":"73","author":"Terrientes","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"50","article-title":"Marked variation in MSP-119 antibody responses to malaria in western Kenyan highlands","volume":"12","author":"Badu","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"444","article-title":"Seasonal changes in the antibody responses against Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigens in areas of differing malaria endemicity in Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Supargiyono","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Dynamics of the antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children","volume":"210","author":"White","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 19 KD antibody response in the Peruvian Amazon predominantly targets the non-allele specific, shared sites of this antigen","volume":"9","author":"Sutton","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1650","article-title":"Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa","volume":"349","author":"Snow","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"26","article-title":"Malaria morbidity and immunity among residents of villages with different Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in north-eastern Tanzania","volume":"3","author":"Lusingu","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"82","article-title":"IgG antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens in Kenyan children have a short half-life","volume":"6","author":"Kinyanjui","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1000770","article-title":"Long-lived antibody and B cell memory responses to the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax","volume":"6","author":"Wipasa","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Estimation of recent and long-term malaria transmission in a population by antibody testing to multiple Plasmodium falciparum antigens","volume":"210","author":"Ondigo","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"222","article-title":"Seroepidemiological and parasitological evaluation of the heterogeneity of malaria infection in the Gambia","volume":"12","author":"Oduro","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e32929","article-title":"Estimating individual exposure to malaria using local prevalence of malaria infection in the field","volume":"7","author":"Olotu","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e6083","article-title":"Rapid assessment of malaria transmission using age-specific sero-conversion rates","volume":"4","author":"Stewart","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1987","article-title":"IFN\u03b3 responses to pre-erythrocytic and blood-stage malaria antigens exhibit differential associations with past exposure and subsequent protection","volume":"211","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"547","article-title":"How might infant and paediatric immune responses influence malaria vaccine efficacy?","volume":"31","author":"Moormann","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"306","article-title":"Protective immunity to pre-erythrocytic stage malaria","volume":"27","author":"Schwenk","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"297","article-title":"T cell vaccinology: exploring the known unknowns","volume":"31","author":"Burchill","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Chronic exposure to Plasmodium falciparum is associated with phenotypic evidence of B and T cell exhaustion","volume":"190","author":"Illingworth","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"666","article-title":"Evidence that invasion-inhibitory antibodies specific for the 19-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-119) can play a protective role against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum infection in individuals in a malaria endemic area of Africa","volume":"173","author":"John","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/3\/article-p580.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/3\/article-p580.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/3\/article-p580.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T21:57:39Z","timestamp":1723067859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/3\/article-p580.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0710","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]}}}