{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T12:09:14Z","timestamp":1783512554767,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Kala-azar is a growing public health problem in Ethiopia. Benishangul-Gumuz regional state was previously not known to be endemic for the disease. In response to a case report from the region, we conducted a rapid assessment survey. A pretested questionnaire was used to capture sociodemographic and clinical histories pertinent to kala-azar. Study participants with complaints of fever and headache for 2 weeks or more were tested for kala-azar and malaria. All participants were screened with the leishmanin skin test and the direct agglutination test for exposure to <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, defined as a positive result with either or both tests. Of 275 participants, 20 were exposed giving an overall leishmaniasis seroprevalence rate of 7.3%. Among the 20 positive individuals, 19 were farmers and nine of them reported no travel history outside their district. It appears that kala-azar is emerging in Dangur and Guba districts of Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, probably in connection with human encroachment into one or several previously out-of-reach zoonotic foci. We recommend integrated epidemiological surveys for confirmation and early containment of disease transmission in the area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,3]],"date-time":"2016-05-03T02:13:19Z","timestamp":1462241599000},"page":"104-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Visceral Leishmaniasis in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia: Reemerging or Emerging?"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Adugna","family":"Abera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geremew","family":"Tasew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."},{"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teshome","family":"Tsegaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asfaw","family":"Kejella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Benishangul-Gumuz Regional Health Bureau, Assosa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abate","family":"Mulugeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Prevention and Control Programs, World Health Organization, Ethiopia Country Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagimlidet","family":"Worku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KalaCORE Consortium, Ethiopia Country Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Aseffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endalamaw","family":"Gadisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Geospat Health","first-page":"299","article-title":"Identification of environmental parameters and risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia by using geographical information systems and a statistical approach","volume":"7","author":"Tsegaw","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia","author":"Federal Ministry of Health","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"381","article-title":"Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Gadisa","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"603","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) outbreak in Somali refugees and Kenyan shepherds, Kenya","volume":"7","author":"Boussery","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2720","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis outbreak in South Sudan 2009\u20132012: epidemiological assessment and impact of a multisectoral response","volume":"8","author":"Abubakar","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e85","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of patients with visceral leishmaniasis treated by an MSF clinic in Bakool region, Somalia, 2004\u20132006","volume":"1","author":"Raguenaud","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"341","article-title":"Attraction of Ethiopian phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) to light and sugar-yeast mixtures (CO2)","volume":"6","author":"Kirstein","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"153","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR procedures for detecting and quantifying Leishmania donovani DNA in large numbers of dried human blood samples from a visceral leishmaniasis focus in northern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Abbasi","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"190","article-title":"Host choice of Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in animal baited experiments: a field study in Tahtay Adiyabo district, northern Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Gebresilassie","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"275","article-title":"Kala-azar outbreak in Libo Kemkem, Ethiopia: epidemiologic and parasitologic assessment","volume":"77","author":"Alvar","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"373","article-title":"Natural history of a visceral leishmaniasis outbreak in highland Ethiopia","volume":"81","author":"Herrero","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"733","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV in Tigray, Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Lyons","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0132422","article-title":"Accounting for false positive HIV tests: is visceral leishmaniasis responsible?","volume":"10","author":"Shanks","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"157","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. Cross-sectional leishmanin skin test in an endemic locality","volume":"87","author":"Ali","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"659","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Aba-Roba, south-western Ethiopia: prevalence and incidence of active and subclinical infections","volume":"103","author":"Hailu","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"147","article-title":"Kala-azar in Ethiopia I: Leishmanin skin test in Setit Humera, a kala-azar endemic area in northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"70","author":"Fuller","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"6","article-title":"Further studies on the phlebotomine sandflies of the kala-azar endemic lowlands of Humera-Metema (north-west Ethiopia) with observations on their natural blood meal sources","volume":"3","author":"Gebre-Michael","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"53","article-title":"The roles of Phlebotomus martini and P. celiae (Diptera: Phlebotominae) as vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in the Aba Roba focus, southern Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Gebre-Michael","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"307","article-title":"Phlebotomine sandflies in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in a border area of eastern Sudan","volume":"91","author":"Elnaiem","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"531","article-title":"The Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, is a possible reservoir host of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan","volume":"122","author":"Elnaiem","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"238","article-title":"A possible role for Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) rodhaini (Parrot, 1930) in transmission of Leishmania donovani","volume":"4","author":"Elnaiem","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"515","article-title":"Emergence or re-emergence of visceral leishmaniasis in areas of Somalia, north-eastern Kenya, and south-eastern Ethiopia in 2000\u201301","volume":"97","author":"Marlet","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"CMAJ","first-page":"1434","article-title":"Treating HIV\/AIDS and leishmaniasis coinfection in Ethiopia","volume":"172","author":"Anema","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Epidemiology and Ecology of Health and Disease in Ethiopia","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"Hailu","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/1\/article-p104.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/1\/article-p104.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/1\/article-p104.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:03:36Z","timestamp":1723068216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/1\/article-p104.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,6]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0738","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,6]]}}}