{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:01:49Z","timestamp":1791615709286,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of the interactions among parasites within their hosts is crucial to the understanding of epidemiology of disease and for the design of effective control strategies. We have conducted an assessment of infections with <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Mansonella perstans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> in eastern Cameroon using a highly sensitive and specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay using archived dried whole blood spots. The resident population (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,085) was parasitized with <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic> (76%), <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> (39%), and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> (33%), but not with <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>. Compared with single infections (40.1%), coinfection was more common (48.8%): 21.0% had <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic> (Ll<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Mp<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Pf<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>), 2.7% had <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> (Ll<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Pf<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Mp<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>), 15.1% had <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> (Mp<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Pf<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Ll<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>), and 10.0% had <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> (Ll<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Mp<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Pf<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>). Interestingly, those with all three infections (Ll<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Mp<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Pf<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) had significantly higher <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> microfilaria (mf) counts than either single Ll<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) or double Ll<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Mp<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.024) infected individuals. Of those infected with <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>, the mean estimated counts of <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> mf varied based on location and were positively correlated with estimated intensities of <jats:italic>M. perstans<\/jats:italic> mf. Finally, at a community level, heavy <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> infections were concentrated in a few individuals whereby they were likely the major reservoir for infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,5]],"date-time":"2016-04-05T02:33:05Z","timestamp":1459823585000},"page":"1301-1308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology of Blood-Borne Human Parasites in a Loa loa-, Mansonella perstans-, and Plasmodium falciparum-Endemic Region of Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Papa M.","family":"Drame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Montavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien D.","family":"Pion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kubofcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Fay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e336","article-title":"\u201cRapid-impact interventions\u201d: how a policy of integrated control for Africa's neglected tropical diseases could benefit the poor","volume":"2","author":"Molyneux","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"200","article-title":"The nature and consequences of coinfection in 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