{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:07:36Z","timestamp":1792606056907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Different viruses have been identified as etiologic agents of respiratory tract infections, including severe cases. Among these, human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and human enteroviruses (HEVs) are recognized as leading causes. The present study describes the molecular epidemiology of HRVs and HEVs in Senegal over a 3-year surveillance period. From January 2012 to December 2014, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs specimen were collected from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI). A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed for HRV and HEV detection using the RV16 kit. Two regions were targeted for the molecular characterization of RVs: 5\u2032 untranslated region (5\u2032UTR) and viral protein 4\/viral protein 2 (VP4\/VP2) transition region. For enteroviruses (EVs) phylogeny, <jats:italic>VP1<\/jats:italic> gene was targeted. A total of 4,194 samples were collected. Children up to 5 years accounted for 52.9%. Among them, 1,415 (33.7%) were positive for HRV, 857 (20.4%) for HEV, and 437 cases of dual infections HRV\/HEV. HRVs and HEVs were identified significantly in children aged 5 years or less. Only cough and vomiting signs were observed with significant association with viral infection. Both viruses co-circulated all year long with a marked increase of activity during rainy and cold period. All HRV types circulate in Senegal. HRV-A and C groups were the most common. HEV serotyping identified coxsackie B viruses (CBV) only. VP1 region revealed different CBV (CBV1, CBV2, CBV3, CBV4, and CBV5), echoviruses, coxsackieviruses A4\u2013like strains and a poliovirus 2. The results suggest strong year-round respiratory picornavirus activity in children up to 5 years of age. Molecular studies identified a wide variety of RVs along with diverse EVs in samples from patients with ILI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T00:57:07Z","timestamp":1464742627000},"page":"339-347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses: Molecular Epidemiology of the Most Influenza-Like Illness Associated Viruses in Senegal"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Amary","family":"Fall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit\u00e9 de Virologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndongo","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit\u00e9 de Virologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"K\u00e9b\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit\u00e9 de Virologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatoumata Diene","family":"Sarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Unit\u00e9 d'Epid\u00e9miologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davy E.","family":"Kiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit\u00e9 de Virologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Hadj Abdoul Khadir","family":"Ciss\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit\u00e9 de Virologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit\u00e9 de Virologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Goudiaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit\u00e9 de Virologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Unit\u00e9 d'Epid\u00e9miologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane Madiagne","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit\u00e9 de Virologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mbayame Ndiaye","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit\u00e9 de Virologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, S\u00e9n\u00e9gal."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"233","article-title":"Emerging respiratory agents: new viruses for old diseases?","volume":"42","author":"Sloots","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"25","article-title":"Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"262","article-title":"Rhinovirus outbreak in a long term care facility for elderly persons associated with unusually high 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