{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:51:24Z","timestamp":1792191084134,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites cause a broad range of disease, with cutaneous afflictions being, by far, the most prevalent. Variations in disease severity and symptomatic spectrum are mostly associated to parasite species. One risk factor for the severity and emergence of leishmaniasis is immunosuppression, usually arising by coinfection of the patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Interestingly, several species of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> have been shown to bear an endogenous cytoplasmic dsRNA virus (LRV) of the <jats:italic>Totiviridae<\/jats:italic> family, and recently we correlated the presence of LRV1 within <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites to an exacerbation murine leishmaniasis and with an elevated frequency of drug treatment failures in humans. This raises the possibility of further exacerbation of leishmaniasis in the presence of both viruses, and here we report a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic> bearing LRV1 with aggressive pathogenesis in an HIV patient. LRV1 was isolated and partially sequenced from skin and nasal lesions. Genetic identity of both sequences reinforced the assumption that nasal parasites originate from primary skin lesions. Surprisingly, combined antiretroviral therapy did not impact the devolution of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection. The <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection was successfully treated through administration of liposomal amphotericin B.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,2]],"date-time":"2016-02-02T04:23:39Z","timestamp":1454387019000},"page":"840-843","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Severe Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patient Coinfected with Leishmania braziliensis and Its Endosymbiotic Virus"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Laurent","family":"Parmentier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia","family":"Cusini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haroun","family":"Zangger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary-Anne","family":"Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Desponds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Dubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Ronet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Beverley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Fasel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2836","article-title":"Leishmania aethiopica field isolates bearing an endosymbiontic dsRNA virus induce pro-inflammatory cytokine response","volume":"8","author":"Zangger","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"412","article-title":"The immunological, environmental, and phylogenetic perpetrators of metastatic leishmaniasis","volume":"30","author":"Hartley","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"9572","article-title":"LR1: a candidate RNA virus of Leishmania","volume":"85","author":"Tarr","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"5979","article-title":"Characterization of a RNA virus from the parasite Leishmania","volume":"86","author":"Widmer","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"425","article-title":"Leishmania RNA viruses in Leishmania of the Viannia subgenus","volume":"54","author":"Salinas","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Science","first-page":"775","article-title":"Leishmania RNA virus controls the severity of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"331","author":"Ives","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"4144","article-title":"Cell mediated immunity in American cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"135","author":"Carvalho","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"423","article-title":"Immunopathogenic competences of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis in American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"31","author":"Silveira","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"105","article-title":"Presence of Leishmania RNA virus 1 in Leishmania guyanensis increases the risk of first-line treatment failure and symptomatic relapse","volume":"213","author":"Bourreau","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"112","article-title":"Association of the endobiont double-stranded RNA virus LRV1 with treatment failure for human leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Peru and Bolivia","volume":"213","author":"Adaui","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"334","article-title":"The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years","volume":"21","author":"Alvar","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"575","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer in clinical samples of Leishmania donovani spotted on filter paper as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphisms and sequencing","volume":"94","author":"el Tai","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2006","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites","volume":"7","author":"Zangger","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"581","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Reithinger","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis. Current scenario and prospects for treatment","volume":"105","author":"Amato","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"945","article-title":"Treatment of disseminated leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B","volume":"61","author":"Machado","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"341","article-title":"Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis associated with HIV infection treated successfully with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome)","volume":"46","author":"Amato","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"319","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in a field clinic in Bahia, Brazil: a report of eight cases","volume":"89","author":"Costa","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"315","article-title":"Clinical and immunopathological aspects of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Carvalho","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1829","article-title":"Disseminated leishmaniasis: a new and emerging form of leishmaniasis observed in northeastern Brazil","volume":"186","author":"Turetz","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"487","article-title":"Disseminated American muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis in a patient with AIDS: a case report","volume":"87","author":"Machado","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","first-page":"311","article-title":"Unusual manifestations of tegumentary leishmaniasis in AIDS patients from the New World","volume":"160","author":"Lindoso","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther","first-page":"419","article-title":"Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Goto","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Comparative study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and non-HIV-infected patients in French Guiana","volume":"151","author":"Couppie","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"524","article-title":"American tegumentary leishmaniasis and HIV-AIDS association in a tertiary care center in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"85","author":"Guerra","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol","first-page":"214","article-title":"American cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis as an initial clinical presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"10","author":"de Souza e Souza","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/4\/article-p840.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/4\/article-p840.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/4\/article-p840.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:09:06Z","timestamp":1723068546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/4\/article-p840.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0803","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,6]]}}}