{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T06:09:36Z","timestamp":1744178976997},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Additional strategies are needed to prevent and treat tuberculosis (TB). Although vitamin D may have antimycobacterial effects, it is unknown whether low vitamin D status confers a risk for active TB in African children. This case\u2013control study assessed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration in children with and without active TB in Gaborone, Botswana. A total of 80 children under 2 years old with and without active TB, seen at hospitals and clinics in the greater Gaborone area between September 2010 and November 2012, were enrolled. Of these, 39 cases did not differ from the 41 controls in median 25(OH)D levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.84). The 25(OH)D was &lt; 20 ng\/mL in 8\/39 (21%) cases and 7\/41 (17%) controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.69, \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Univariate analyses of subject clinical characteristics (other than 25(OH)D levels) showed that any degree of weight loss was associated with a diagnosis of TB (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.047). Other clinical characteristics, including age (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.08) or weight below third percentile (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.58), showed no association with TB. There was no significant difference in vitamin D status between children under 2 years old with and without active TB. Lower vitamin D status did not appear to be a risk factor for TB in this small Gaborone cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T02:18:59Z","timestamp":1458008339000},"page":"971-974","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vitamin D Status in Botswana Children Under 2 Years Old With and Without Active Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Ludmir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loeto","family":"Mazhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Cary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Unoda A.","family":"Chakalisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Pettifor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mooketsi","family":"Molefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abiona","family":"Redwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia A.","family":"Stallings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Steenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2013","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2013","author":"World Health Organization","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis","first-page":"392","article-title":"The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era","volume":"8","author":"Marais","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis","first-page":"636","article-title":"Global epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"2004"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"National TB Report 2012","author":"Botswana National TB Program","key":"ref4"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)","first-page":"903680","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions of vitamin D in combating TB\/HIV","volume":"2014","author":"Coussens","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Acta Med Indones","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D as supplementary treatment in patients with moderately advanced pulmonary tuberculosis lesion","volume":"38","author":"Nursyam","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol","first-page":"793","article-title":"Vitamin D in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"103","author":"Martineau","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Thorax","first-page":"175","article-title":"Vegetarian diet as a risk factor for tuberculosis in immigrant south London Asians","volume":"50","author":"Strachan","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"199","article-title":"Evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostics in children: 1. Proposed clinical case definitions for classifications of intrathoracic tuberculosis disease. Consensus from an expert panel","volume":"205","author":"Graham","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e1350","article-title":"A refined symptom-based approach to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis in children","volume":"118","author":"Marais","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency in HIV-infected pregnant women receiving antiretroviral therapy is not associated with morbidity, mortality or growth impairment in their uninfected infants in Botswana","volume":"33","author":"Powis","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Public Health Nutr","first-page":"334","article-title":"Factors influencing the vitamin D status of 10-year-old urban South African children","volume":"14","author":"Poopedi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Trop Pediatr","first-page":"426","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency among Tanzanian HIV-exposed uninfected infants","volume":"59","author":"Rwebembera","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis","first-page":"198","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors associated with tuberculosis disease in children in Pune, India","volume":"18","author":"Jubulis","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"521","article-title":"Vitamin D and tuberculosis status in refugee children","volume":"31","author":"Gray","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr","first-page":"e21","article-title":"Vitamin D status in HIV-infected patients with and without tuberculosis: a pilot study","volume":"61","author":"Steenhoff","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/5\/article-p971.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/5\/article-p971.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/5\/article-p971.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:06:01Z","timestamp":1723068361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/94\/5\/article-p971.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0864","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]}}}