{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:08:34Z","timestamp":1791353314904,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Shoes are effective for blocking soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) that penetrate the skin. Unfortunately, shoe-wearing is uncommon in many areas where STHs are prevalent, in part because local populations are unaware of the health benefits of wearing shoes. This is especially true in low-literacy populations, where information dissemination through written messages is not possible. We launched a public health intervention that combines a public health image with sandals. The image is a \u201clenticular image\u201d that combines two alternating pictures to depict the efficacy of shoes for preventing STH infection. This image is adhered to the shoe, such that the message is linked directly to the primary means of prevention. To create a culturally appropriate image, we conducted five focus group discussions, each with a different gender and age combination. Results of focus group discussions reinforced the importance of refining public health messages well in advance of distribution so that cultural acceptability is strong. After the image was finalized, we deployed shoes with the image in communities in western Uganda where hookworm is prevalent. We found that the frequency of shoe-wearing was 25% higher in communities receiving the shoes than in control communities. Microscopic analyses of fecal samples for parasites showed a sustained reduction in infection intensity for parasites transmitted directly through the feet when people received shoes with a public health image. Our results show that combining culturally appropriate images with public health interventions can be effective in low-literacy populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]],"date-time":"2016-11-08T03:44:29Z","timestamp":1478576669000},"page":"205-213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Combining Footwear with Public Health Iconography to Prevent Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Paige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, Wisconsin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagan","family":"Friant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, Wisconsin."},{"name":"Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, Wisconsin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Clech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Malav\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, Wisconsin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Kemigabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kabarole District Health Office, Fort Portal, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Obeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kabarole District Health Office, Fort Portal, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony L.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, Wisconsin."},{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, Wisconsin."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2865","article-title":"The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"Hotez","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2197","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 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