{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:46:40Z","timestamp":1793116000139,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pneumonia is a public health problem in the tropics, and the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugative vaccine (PCV-7) has been introduced in an effort to prevent the disease and therefore reduce childhood mortality. In Rwanda, PCV-7 was introduced in 2009, and we aimed to determine its impact on the rate of child hospitalization\/mortality due to pneumonia. A retrospective survey was conducted on hospitalization rates and pediatric deaths between two periods, that is, before the introduction of PCV-7 (2007\u20132009) and after the introduction of PCV-7 (2010\u20132013) in Kabutare District Hospital. There was a 53% reduction in hospitalization, with a significant decline in in-hospital deaths between the two periods. There was also a significant correlation between vaccination coverage and decline in hospitalization rates between 2009 and 2013. We conclude that PCV-7 vaccine is associated with significant reduction in the rate of child hospitalization and mortality but more mechanistic studies are warranted to determine the immunological impact, especially in the context of coinfections and malnutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T02:38:47Z","timestamp":1468895927000},"page":"680-682","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Decline in Child Hospitalization and Mortality After the Introduction of the 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugative Vaccine in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Janvier","family":"Rurangwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Rujeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD004874","article-title":"Antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"6","author":"Lodha","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea","volume":"381","author":"Fischer Walker","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Trop Med Health","first-page":"83","article-title":"Global control of pneumococcal infections by pneumococcal vaccines","volume":"42","author":"Oishi","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Viral pneumonia","volume":"377","author":"Ruuskanen","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Pneumonia research to reduce childhood mortality in the developing world","volume":"118","author":"Scott","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Decline in pneumonia admissions after routine childhood immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA: a time-series analysis","volume":"369","author":"Grijalva","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"669","article-title":"Impact of universal pneumococcal vaccination on hospitalizations for pneumonia and meningitis in children in Montevideo, Uruguay","volume":"30","author":"P\u00edrez","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Rwanda DHS, 2007-2008 - Rwanda Interim Demographic and Health Survey, FR215","author":"Ministry of Health of Rwanda, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda and ICF Macro, Calverton, Maryland, USA","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Expanded program on immunization, Comprehensive multi-year plan 2011\u20132015","author":"MOH","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"3023","article-title":"Indirect population impact of universal PCV7 vaccination of children in a 2 + 1 schedule on the incidence of pneumonia morbidity in Kielce, Poland","volume":"31","author":"Patrzalek","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther","first-page":"437","article-title":"Management of community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-infected children","volume":"7","author":"Gray","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med","first-page":"208","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-infected children: a global perspective","volume":"16","author":"Gray","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med","first-page":"176","article-title":"Pneumonia in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children in developing countries: epidemiology, clinical features, and management","volume":"10","author":"Zar","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"309","article-title":"Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: improving nutrition","volume":"70","author":"Victora","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Rwanda: WHO and UNICEF Estimates of Immunization Coverage: 2014 Revision","first-page":"1","author":"WHO\/UNICEF","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"808","article-title":"Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) against invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected and -uninfected children in South Africa: a matched case-control study","volume":"59","author":"Cohen","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e54180","article-title":"Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: cost-effectiveness of antiretroviral regimens and feeding options in Rwanda","volume":"8","author":"Binagwaho","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"536","article-title":"The epidemiology of hospitalized pneumonia in rural Kenya: the potential of surveillance data in setting public health priorities","volume":"11","author":"Tornheim","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"5886","article-title":"The immunogenicity and safety of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Thai children","volume":"29","author":"Thanee","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"920","article-title":"Immunogenicity, safety, and predictors of response after a pneumococcal conjugate and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine series in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"25","author":"Abzug","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/3\/article-p680.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/3\/article-p680.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/3\/article-p680.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T21:57:05Z","timestamp":1723067825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/3\/article-p680.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0923","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]}}}