{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:33:58Z","timestamp":1782862438453,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> is a major public health threat in many parts of the world. The current diagnostic tests for schistosomiasis are suboptimal, particularly early in infection, when the parasite burden is low and with reinfection after treatment. We sought to identify novel biomarkers of active infection by studying serum proteins in a mouse model of schistosomiasis followed by confirmation in chronically infected patients. Acute (6 weeks) and chronic (12 weeks) sera from <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\u2013infected C57Bl\/6 mice as well as sera from chronically infected patients were assessed using two proteomic platforms: surface-enhanced, laser desorption and ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry and Velos Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Several candidate biomarkers were further evaluated by Western blot and\/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among the most promising was carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1), a host protein found primarily in red blood cells and enterocytes that proved to be a negative biomarker for schistosomiasis in both mouse and human samples. Reduced serum CA-1 levels were confirmed by both Western blot (murine and human: both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and ELISA (human: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Western blots of serial mouse sera revealed a progressive reduction in serum CA1 levels over the 12-week infection period. CA1 is a promising negative serum biomarker for the diagnosis of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T14:07:07Z","timestamp":1488550027000},"page":"842-849","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Serum Carbonic Anhydrase 1 is a Biomarker for Diagnosis of Human Schistosoma mansoni Infection"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Manal Ibrahim","family":"Kardoush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"National Reference Center for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Center for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momar","family":"Ndao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Center for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med","first-page":"773","article-title":"Detection of schistosomiasis antibodies in urine patients as a promising diagnostic maker","volume":"4","author":"Elhag","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"948","article-title":"Evaluation of eight serological tests for diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis","volume":"19","author":"Kinkel","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Med J Aust","first-page":"294","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Australian travellers to Africa","volume":"166","author":"Hipgrave","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"280","article-title":"Outbreak of schistosomiasis among travelers returning from Mali, west Africa","volume":"20","author":"Visser","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"531","article-title":"Presentation and outcome of 1107 cases of schistosomiasis from Africa diagnosed in a non-endemic country","volume":"94","author":"Whitty","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Med J Aust","first-page":"446","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: beware delayed seroconversion","volume":"163","author":"Golledge","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1549","article-title":"Long seronegative window in Schistosoma infection","volume":"340","author":"Jones","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Human Schistosomiasis","author":"Jordan","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"35","article-title":"Specific and sensitive diagnosis of schistosome infection: can it be done with antibodies?","volume":"20","author":"Doenhoff","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am","first-page":"583","article-title":"Hepatic schistosomiasis","volume":"14","author":"Bica","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Lab Anim","first-page":"205","article-title":"An overview of animal models in experimental schistosomiasis and refinements in the use of non-human primates","volume":"35","author":"Farah","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Nat Rev Immunol","first-page":"499","article-title":"The immunobiology of schistosomiasis","volume":"2","author":"Pearce","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Int Immunopharmacol","first-page":"1100","article-title":"Impact of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in murine primary schistosomiasis","volume":"6","author":"El Ridi","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"944","article-title":"Altered schistosome granuloma formation in nude mice","volume":"26","author":"Byram","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"274","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infections in T-cell deprived mice, and the ameliorating effect of administering homologous chronic infection serum. 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