{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:07:43Z","timestamp":1767006463426},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya fever, an acute and often chronic arthralgic disease caused by the mosquito-borne alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), spread into the Americas in late 2013. Since then it has caused epidemics in nearly all New World countries, the second largest being Colombia with over 450,000 suspected cases beginning in September, 2014, and focused in Bolivar Department in the north. We examined 32 human sera from suspected cases, including diverse age groups and both genders, and sequenced the CHIKV envelope glycoprotein genes, known determinants of vector host range. As expected for Asian lineage CHIKV strains, these isolates lacked known <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\u2013adaptive mutations. All the Colombian strains were closely related to those from the Virgin Islands, Saint Lucia, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, consistent with a single, point-source introduction from the southeast Asia\/Pacific region. Two substitutions in the E2 and E1 envelope glycoprotein genes were found in the Colombian strains, especially E1-K211E involving a residue shown previously to affect epistatically the penetrance of the E1-A226V <jats:italic>A. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\u2013adaptive substitution. We also identified two amino acid substitutions unique to all American CHIKV sequences: E2-V368A and 6K-L20M. Only one codon, 6K-47, had a high nonsynonymous substitution rate suggesting positive selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]],"date-time":"2016-07-19T02:38:47Z","timestamp":1468895927000},"page":"639-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genetic Characterization of Northwestern Colombian Chikungunya Virus Strains from the 2014\u20132015 Epidemic"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Juan D.","family":"Rodas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Grupo Centauro, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Kautz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas."},{"name":"3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3nes Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Paternina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3nes Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Grupo de Inmunovirolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3nes Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Tesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas."},{"name":"3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Clin Rheumatol","first-page":"829","article-title":"Chikungunya or not, differential diagnosis and the importance of laboratory confirmation for clinical and epidemiological research: comment on the article by Rosario et al","volume":"35","author":"Cardona-Ospina","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Curr Opin Virol","first-page":"310","article-title":"Chikungunya virus: evolution and genetic determinants of emergence","volume":"1","author":"Tsetsarkin","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"709","article-title":"Glycoprotein organization of chikungunya virus particles revealed by X-ray crystallography","volume":"468","author":"Voss","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Chikungunya virus and the global spread of a mosquito-borne 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