{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:07:51Z","timestamp":1767006471384},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean region in 2014, and the first serologically confirmed case was seen in Grenada in July. This study investigated the outbreak of CHIKV in Grenada to identify the distinguishing clinical manifestations and the symptoms that corresponded the closest with serological test results. Sera were tested by IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction to distinguish between cases positive or negative for CHIKV. Of 493 cases, 426 (86%) tested positive for CHIKV. The diagnostic decision rule, \u201cDefine as CHIKV positive a patient presenting with joint pain and any combination of fever, body pain, or rash,\u201d produced the closest agreement (85%) with the serological test results (Cohen's kappa, k = 0.289, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value &lt; 0.001). When laboratory facilities are not available for diagnostic confirmation, syndromic surveillance using these four symptoms could be useful to define cases during a CHIKV outbreak when CHIKV is the predominant circulating arbovirus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T00:43:10Z","timestamp":1471308190000},"page":"890-893","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Clinical and Serological Insights from the Asian Lineage Chikungunya Outbreak in Grenada, 2014: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Calum","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1St. George's University School of Medicine, Saint George, Grenada."},{"name":"2Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, Saint George, Grenada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"No\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1St. George's University School of Medicine, Saint George, Grenada."},{"name":"2Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, Saint George, Grenada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, Saint George, Grenada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Jungkind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1St. George's University School of Medicine, Saint George, Grenada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Yearwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1St. George's University School of Medicine, Saint George, Grenada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Widjaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Ministry of Health, Saint George, Grenada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dolland","family":"Noel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1St. George's University School of Medicine, Saint George, Grenada."},{"name":"4Ministry of Health, Saint George, Grenada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satesh","family":"Bidaisee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1St. George's University School of Medicine, Saint George, Grenada."},{"name":"2Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, Saint George, Grenada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd E.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. Desiree","family":"LaBeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Stanford University, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Arch Med Res","first-page":"330","article-title":"The global emergence\/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems","volume":"33","author":"Gubler","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica","first-page":"221","article-title":"The emergence of epidemic dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas: a case of failed public health policy","volume":"17","author":"Gubler","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"442","article-title":"Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem","volume":"4","author":"Gubler","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"471","article-title":"Re-emergence of chikungunya and O'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships","volume":"81","author":"Powers","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"277","article-title":"Epidemic resurgence of chikungunya virus in Democratic Republic of the Congo: identification of a new central African strain","volume":"74","author":"Pastorino","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"171","article-title":"Chikungunya and dengue fever among hospitalized febrile patients in northern Tanzania","volume":"86","author":"Hertz","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"58","article-title":"Hospital-based prevalence of malaria and dengue in febrile patients in Bangladesh","volume":"86","author":"Faruque","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"416","article-title":"Chikungunya fever in travelers returning to Europe from the Indian Ocean region, 2006","volume":"14","author":"Panning","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Parassitologia","first-page":"97","article-title":"Chikungunya epidemic outbreak in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) during summer 2007","volume":"50","author":"Angelini","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Euro Surveill","first-page":"21108","article-title":"Chikungunya outbreak in Montpellier, France, September to October 2014","volume":"20","author":"Delisle","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"2363","article-title":"Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus","volume":"88","author":"Powers","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"942","article-title":"Chikungunya fever: an epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease","volume":"49","author":"Staples","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"557","article-title":"Reappearance of chikungunya, formerly called dengue, in the Americas","volume":"21","author":"Halstead","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"7955","article-title":"Caribbean and La R\u00e9union chikungunya virus isolates differ in their capacity to induce proinflammatory Th1 and NK cell responses and acute joint pathology","volume":"89","author":"Teo","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"514","article-title":"Chikungunya in the Americas","volume":"383","author":"Leparc-Goffart","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"500","article-title":"Notes from the field: chikungunya virus spreads in the Americas: Caribbean and South America, 2013\u20132014","volume":"63","author":"Fischer","year":"2014"},{"year":"2014","series-title":"First Chikungunya Case Acquired in the United States Reported in Florida","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","key":"ref17"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003977","article-title":"Spatial and temporal clustering of chikungunya virus transmission in Dominica","volume":"9","author":"Nsoesie","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003780","article-title":"Chikungunya virus transmission potential by local Aedes mosquitoes in the Americas and Europe","volume":"9","author":"Vega-Rua","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"393","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Asian lineage chikungunya virus infection on Saint Martin Island, 7 months after the 2013 emergence","volume":"94","author":"Gay","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1766","article-title":"Development and validation of a quantitative, one-step, multiplex, real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of dengue and chikungunya viruses","volume":"54","author":"Simmons","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004199","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of chikungunya virus infections in Trinidad and comparison of clinical and laboratory features with dengue and other acute febrile cases","volume":"9","author":"Sahadeo","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Outbreak of chikungunya virus in the north Caribbean area of Colombia: clinical presentation and phylogenetic analysis","volume":"9","author":"Mattar","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"600","article-title":"Field evaluation of clinical features during chikungunya outbreak in Mayotte, 2005\u20132006","volume":"15","author":"Sissoko","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/4\/article-p890.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/4\/article-p890.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/4\/article-p890.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T21:55:05Z","timestamp":1723067705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/4\/article-p890.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]}}}