{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:26:22Z","timestamp":1791296782395,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, is mainly caused by two closely related <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> is responsible for zoonotic VL, with dogs as the main reservoir host in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Asia, and South America. In the Indian subcontinent, VL is caused by <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> and is considered anthroponotic, although the only known vector, the sand fly, is zoophilic in nature. The role of domestic and stray dogs in VL transmission is still unclear in this area. We screened 50 stray dogs from VL-endemic areas of Bangladesh for serological and molecular evidence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection. We detected anti-<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> antibodies in six (12%) dog serum samples using rK39 immunochromatographic tests. We observed <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> kinetoplast DNA in 10 (20%) buffy coat DNA samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), five of which were positive based on internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR. A sequencing analysis of the amplified products confirmed that the parasitic DNA was derived from <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>. Our findings support the hypothesis that stray dogs are an animal reservoir for <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic> in this endemic region. Further studies are required to determine the precise role of dogs in the epidemiology of VL in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,6]],"date-time":"2016-07-06T02:38:41Z","timestamp":1467772721000},"page":"795-799","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Molecular and Serological Evidence of Leishmania Infection in Stray Dogs from Visceral Leishmaniasis\u2013Endemic Areas of Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Shirin","family":"Akter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan."},{"name":"2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Zahangir","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golam","family":"Yasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotomo","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Katakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Vector Borne Dis","first-page":"105","article-title":"Can visceral leishmaniasis be eliminated from Asia?","volume":"45","author":"Joshi","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"2","article-title":"Implementation research to support the initiative on the elimination of kala azar from Bangladesh, India and Nepal\u2014the challenges for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Sundar","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"275","article-title":"The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control","volume":"123","author":"Bern","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"837","article-title":"Peripheral blood buffy coat smear: a promising tool for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"50","author":"Salam","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"54","article-title":"Seroepidemiological survey on canine leishmaniasis among dogs from an urban area of Brazil","volume":"140","author":"Dantas-Torres","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"305","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Desjeux","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Identification of Leishmania donovani from infected dogs at a dormant focus of VL in Blue Nile State, Sudan","volume":"7","author":"Shamboul","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis","first-page":"255","article-title":"Serological evidence of Leishmania donovani infection in apparently healthy dogs using direct agglutination test (DAT) and rk39 dipstick tests in Kafta Humera, north-west Ethiopia","volume":"58","author":"Kalayou","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Microbes Infect","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan: parasite identification in humans and dogs; host-parasite relationships","volume":"5","author":"Dereure","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"513","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: a study of possible animal reservoirs","volume":"13","author":"Nawaratna","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"231","article-title":"Domestic animals and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis, Nepal","volume":"16","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol","first-page":"52","article-title":"The rK39 immunochromatic dipstick testing: a study for K39 seroprevalence in dogs and human leishmaniasis patients for possible animal reservoir of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in endemic focus of Satluj river valley of Himachal Pradesh (India)","volume":"75","author":"Sharma","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"27","article-title":"Survey of domestic cattle for anti-Leishmania antibodies and Leishmania DNA in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area of Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Alam","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"75","article-title":"PCR-based detection of Leishmania donovani DNA in a stray dog from a visceral leishmaniasis endemic focus in Bangladesh","volume":"75","author":"Alam","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"775","article-title":"Molecular antibody in African and American visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"90","author":"Burns","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"349","article-title":"PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples","volume":"47","author":"Sch\u00f6nian","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"5249","article-title":"Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Mary","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp Ser","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Practical Statistics for Medical Research","author":"Altman","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"511","article-title":"Domestic dog ownership in Iran is a risk factor for human infection with Leishmania infantum","volume":"67","author":"Gavgani","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"154","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan: first identification of Leishmania from dogs","volume":"94","author":"Dereure","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"26","article-title":"Role of the domestic dog as a reservoir host of Leishmania donovani in eastern Sudan","volume":"2","author":"Hassan","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Central Greece","volume":"142","author":"Karayiannis","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"389","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica in domestic cats in the Ege Region of Turkey","volume":"212","author":"Pasa","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"176","article-title":"First detection of Leishmania spp. DNA in Brazilian bats captured strictly in urban areas","volume":"150","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Indian J Parasitol","first-page":"64","article-title":"Animal reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar","volume":"99","author":"Singh","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"613","article-title":"Comparison of various sample preparation methods of PCR diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using peripheral blood","volume":"38","author":"Lachaud","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol","first-page":"951","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Sundar","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Afr J Biotechnol","first-page":"648","article-title":"Serological survey and comparison of two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in dogs","volume":"10","author":"Fallah","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"89","article-title":"Comparison of real-time PCR and conventional PCR with two DNA targets for detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in human and dog blood samples","volume":"133","author":"Mohammadiha","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1435","article-title":"Comparison of PCR assays for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"Bensoussan","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"183","article-title":"Serological and molecular survey of Leishmania parasites in apparently healthy dogs in the West Bank, Palestine","volume":"5","author":"Hamarsheh","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"69","article-title":"The prevalence of canine Leishmania infantum infection in western China detected by PCR and serological tests","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Cad Saude Publica","first-page":"97","article-title":"A serological and molecular investigation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in dogs, three years after an outbreak in the northwest of Paran'a State, Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Massunari","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"205","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis: performance of a rapid diagnostic test (Kalazar Detect\u2122) in dogs with and without signs of the disease","volume":"107","author":"Lemos","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"330","article-title":"Comparison between ELISA using total antigen and immunochromatography with antigen rK39 in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"173","author":"Lima","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1992","article-title":"Evaluation of rK39 rapid diagnostic tests for canine visceral leishmaniasis: longitudinal study and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Quinnell","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"5515","article-title":"Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, an immunofluorescent-antibody test, and two rapid tests (immunochromatographic-dipstick and gel tests) for serological diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infections in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Mettler","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Protozoal Diseases","first-page":"419","article-title":"The leishmaniases\u2014the agent","author":"Chance","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and clinical classification of leishmaniasis in dogs","volume":"236","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"440","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis, United States and Canada, 2000\u20132003","volume":"12","author":"Duprey","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Iran J Parasitol","first-page":"152","article-title":"Seroepidemiological investigation of visceral leishmaniasis in stray and owned dogs in Albroz Province, central Iran using direct agglutination test","volume":"8","author":"Haddadzade","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"243","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of canine visceral leishmaniosis in the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"129","author":"Mohebali","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"195","article-title":"Host preferences of the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Amazonian Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Quinnell","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"79","article-title":"Anthropophagy and aggregation behaviour of the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes in Sri Lanka","volume":"4","author":"Lane","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Int J Environ Health Res","first-page":"449","article-title":"Host preference of Phlebotomus argentipes and Phlebotomus papatasi in different biotopes of West Bengal, India","volume":"15","author":"Palit","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"475","article-title":"Bloodmeal preference of Phlebotomus argentipes and Ph. papatasi of north Bihar, India","volume":"86","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/4\/article-p795.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/4\/article-p795.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/4\/article-p795.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T21:55:55Z","timestamp":1723067755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/4\/article-p795.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0151","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]}}}