{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:47Z","timestamp":1787031167694,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gnathostomiasis is a zoonotic parasitosis endemic in many Asian and some Latin American countries. Most human infections are caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Gnathostoma spinigerum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Asia and\n                    <jats:italic>Gnathostoma binucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the Americas, and recently, imported cases have been increasing among travelers returning from endemic regions. Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis relies largely on serologic tests, with a\n                    <jats:italic>G. spinigerum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -antigen-based immunoblot currently being the diagnostic method of choice. However, we repeatedly experienced that sera from patients with clinically suspected American gnathostomiasis gave negative results in this assay. Therefore, we used homologous methods to prepare\n                    <jats:italic>G. spinigerum<\/jats:italic>\n                    - and\n                    <jats:italic>G. binucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -antigen-based immunoblot assays, and evaluated the cross-reactivity of the two assays. The results show incomplete cross-reactivity between the two assays: the\n                    <jats:italic>G. spinigerum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -antigen-based immunoblot apparently only detects Asian gnathostomiasis caused by\n                    <jats:italic>G. spinigerum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas the\n                    <jats:italic>G. binucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -antigen-based immunoblot is apparently capable of detecting American as well as Asian gnathostomiasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,20]],"date-time":"2016-06-20T23:28:40Z","timestamp":1466465320000},"page":"413-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cross-Reactivity Pattern of Asian and American Human Gnathostomiasis in Western Blot Assays Using Crude Antigens Prepared from Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma binucleatum Third-Stage Larvae"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Neumayr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland."},{"name":"2University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Ollague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Dermatopathology Section, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Gotuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Research Department, Foundation for Marine Coastal Management and Research (FEMM), Guayaquil, Ecuador."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Dermatology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pham Ngoc","family":"Doanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukifumi","family":"Nawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichiro","family":"Horii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Nickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland."},{"name":"2University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanspeter","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland."},{"name":"2University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"issue":"(Suppl)","key":"ref1","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"217","article-title":"Historical review 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