{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T20:57:56Z","timestamp":1760043476444},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is endemic to Latin America, where 10 million people may be infected with <jats:italic>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Paracoccidioides lutzii<\/jats:italic> and 1,600,000 individuals live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. An epidemiological overlapping of these infections occurred early in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome era with nearly 180 published cases. This study presents epidemiological, clinical, and outcome profiles for 31 PCM patients with HIV infection diagnosed in a teaching hospital in Brazil, and includes an update of previously reported cases. Medical records were reviewed and data compared with 64 PCM patients without HIV infection. Of the 31 PCM patients with HIV infection, 23 (74.1%) were male, with a median age of 36.7 years, whereas of the 64 PCM, 45 (70.3%) were male, with a median age of 35.1 years. Both groups presented similar proportions for smoking and alcoholism. PCM patients with HIV infection presented more fever, weight loss, and the acute clinical form than the PCM patients who had more mucosal and respiratory involvement characterizing the chronic form. Most PCM patients with HIV infection exhibited overlapping symptoms from both clinical forms with median symptom duration of 4.5 months compared with 8.3 months for the PCM control. Patients received sulfonamides and\/or itraconazole for a median of 15.7 and 16.7 months for PCM\/HIV-infected and PCM, respectively. Relapses occurred more in PCM (12 [30%]) than PCM\/HIV-infected (4 [14.8%]) patients, whose mortality rate was higher (10 [32.8%]) than PCM patients (8 [20%]). The cases of PCM\/HIV infection confirm that HIV can interact with some endemic diseases without increasing their frequency, while changing their natural history, clinical presentation, and outcome. The data presented here are in agreement with those observed in other studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T03:00:40Z","timestamp":1480388440000},"page":"368-372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazilian Patients With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio Arantes de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando Freitas","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delio Jose","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarcisio Albertin Dos","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego Moelas","family":"Sotini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara De Melo","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Eur\u00edpedes","family":"Andrade-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Nogueira","family":"Nascentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute of Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kennio","family":"Ferreira-Paim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario Le\u00f3n","family":"Silva-Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Tri\u00e2ngulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Mol Biol Evol","first-page":"65","article-title":"Cryptic speciation and recombination in the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis as revealed by gene genealogies","volume":"23","author":"Matute","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"546","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis epidemiological features of a 1,000-cases series from a hyperendemic area on the southeast of Brazil","volume":"85","author":"Bellissimo-Rodrigues","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"513","article-title":"Mortality due to systemic mycoses as a primary cause of death or in association with AIDS in Brazil: a review from 1996 to 2006","volume":"104","author":"Prado","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"480","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis: the dimension of the problem of a neglected disease","volume":"43","author":"Martinez","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"An Bras Dermatol","first-page":"251","article-title":"Tratamento da paracoccidioidomicose: estudo retrospectivo de 500 casos. An\u00e1lise cl\u00ednica, laboratorial e epidemiol\u00f3gica","volume":"67","author":"Valle","year":"1992"},{"year":"2015","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","series-title":"Global AIDS Response Progress Reporting 2015","key":"ref6"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"119","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis and human immunodeficiency v\u00edrus infection","volume":"31","author":"Pedro","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis and AIDS: an overview","volume":"21","author":"Goldani","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Med Mycol","first-page":"269","article-title":"Mycoses associated with AIDS in the Third World","volume":"38","author":"Marques","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Curr Top Med Mycol","first-page":"7","article-title":"Histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Wheat","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"41","author":"Galgiani","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis: a model for evaluation of the effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the natural history of endemic tropical diseases","volume":"31","author":"Benard","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Med Mycol","first-page":"259","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Report of 10 cases","volume":"41","author":"Silva-Vergara","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"359","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis in patients infected with and not infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a case-control study","volume":"80","author":"Morej\u00f3n","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"248","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: review of 12 cases observed in an endemic region in Brazil","volume":"51","author":"Paniago","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"129","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis: a recently proposed classification of its clinical forms","volume":"20","author":"Franco","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"947","article-title":"Tropical infectious diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"28","author":"Karp","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr","first-page":"605","article-title":"Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis and AIDS: high-resolution CT findings in five patients","volume":"31","author":"Marchiori","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol","first-page":"154","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis and HIV coinfection presenting severe disease even with CD4+ cells in the normal range","volume":"31","author":"Marques","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Can J Ophthalmol","first-page":"e61","article-title":"Dacryostenosis due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a patient with an unnoted HIV-1 infection","volume":"48","author":"Almeida","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Co-infection with paracoccidioidomycosis and human immunodeficiency virus: report of a case with esophageal involvement","volume":"82","author":"Brunaldi","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"209","article-title":"Septicemia caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Lutz, 1908) as the cause of death of an AIDS patient from Santos, S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil: a nonendemic area","volume":"47","author":"Caseiro","year":"2005"},{"issue":"(25)","key":"ref23","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2677","article-title":"Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis and coinfection with HIV","volume":"355","author":"Castro","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Pathol Res Pract","first-page":"811","article-title":"Autopsy findings in AIDS patients from a reference hospital in Brazil: analysis of 92 cases","volume":"199","author":"Cury","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Hum Pathol","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causing a rib lesion in an adult AIDS patient","volume":"41","author":"Freitas","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","first-page":"456","article-title":"Ocular and central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis in a pregnant woman with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Finamor","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Oral Dis","first-page":"327","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis in an HIV-positive patient: a case report with gingival aspects","volume":"6","author":"Giovani","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"79","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of necropsy","volume":"39","author":"Godoy","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"758","article-title":"Concomitant progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis in an AIDS patient","volume":"43","author":"Lambertucci","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Med Mycol","first-page":"182","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomycosis: an unusual presentation in a young girl disclosing an unnoted HIV-infection","volume":"48","author":"Marques","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"ref31","series-title":"An Bras Dermatol","first-page":"S129","article-title":"AIDS-associated paracoccidioidomycosis in a patient with a CD4+ T-cell count of 4 cells\/mm3","volume":"86","author":"Nogueira","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Rev Chilena Infectol","first-page":"551","article-title":"Paracoccidioidomicosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TBC-MDR) in patient coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C","volume":"27","author":"Nunura","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"196","article-title":"Kaposi sarcoma and paracoccidioidomycosis in the same fragment of oral mucosa biopsy: a rare association in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. A case report","volume":"69","author":"Pontes","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"An Bras Dermatol","first-page":"150","article-title":"Extra-pulmonary manifestations of paracoccidioidomycosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a case report","volume":"89","author":"Safe","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"47","article-title":"Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis with peripleuritis in an AIDS patient","volume":"46","author":"Corti","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"297","article-title":"Consenso em paracoccidioidomicose","volume":"39","author":"Shikanai-Yasuda","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/2\/article-p368.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/2\/article-p368.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/2\/article-p368.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:42:13Z","timestamp":1723070533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/2\/article-p368.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]]}}}