{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:49:24Z","timestamp":1792302564536,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mass treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis was stopped in 2012 in Abu Hamed, an isolated focus on the River Nile in northern Sudan. A 3-year posttreatment surveillance (PTS) ensued, at the end of which an evaluation was conducted in 2015 following the current World Health Organization guidelines for verification of onchocerciasis elimination. Vector black flies were collected from sentinel breeding sites and finger-prick bloodspots were collected from children \u2264 10 years of age resident in 35 communities within the focus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of 19,191 flies from four sites for the O-150 parasite-specific marker found no flies carrying\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae (0%, 95% upper confidence limit [UCL] = 0.16), and serological testing of 5,266 children identified only one Ov16 seropositive child (0.019%, 95% UCL = 0.074); whose skin snips were negative when tested by O-150 PCR assay. These results indicate that for the first time in Africa, onchocerciasis elimination has been verified after a successful PTS in Abu Hamed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T13:10:39Z","timestamp":1467205839000},"page":"1037-1040","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["The First Confirmed Elimination of an Onchocerciasis Focus in Africa: Abu Hamed, Sudan"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Isam M. A.","family":"Zarroug","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wigdan A.","family":"ElMubark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab A. I.","family":"Shumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawthar A. M.","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuha A. A.","family":"ElNojomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda A.","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Khartoum, Sudan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Katabarwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan K.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Unnasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, Lancing, Michigan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarig B.","family":"Higazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University, Zanesville, Ohio."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"208","article-title":"The onchocerciasis chronicle: from the beginning to the end?","volume":"28","author":"Crump","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"541","article-title":"African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: meeting of national onchocerciasis task forces","volume":"86","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"145","article-title":"Onchocerciasis in northern Sudan","volume":"61","author":"Morgan","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"464","article-title":"Onchocerciasis in Sudan: the Abu Hamed focus","volume":"79","author":"Williams","year":"1985a"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"547","article-title":"Cytotaxonomic and molecular analysis of Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Abu Hamed, Sudan","volume":"37","author":"Higazi","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"24","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus: genetic diversity of parasite isolates from Sudan","volume":"97","author":"Higazi","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Sud J Pub Hlth","first-page":"38","article-title":"Plants associated with aquatic stages of onchocerciasis vector Simulium damnosum sensu lato in Abu Hamed and Galabat foci in Sudan","volume":"9","author":"Zarroug","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0150309","article-title":"Seasonal variation in biting rates of Simulium damnosum sensu lato, vector of Onchocerca volvulus, in two Sudanese foci","volume":"11","author":"Zarroug","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"381","article-title":"Progress towards eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: verification by WHO of elimination of transmission in Columbia","volume":"88","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"401","article-title":"Progress towards eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: Ecuador's progress towards verification of elimination","volume":"89","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"577","article-title":"Progress towards eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: verification by WHO of elimination of transmission in Mexico","volume":"90","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures","first-page":"1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"753","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction pool screening used to compare prevalence of infective black flies in two onchocerciasis foci in northern Sudan","volume":"84","author":"Higazi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"51","article-title":"Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Abu Hamed focus, Sudan","volume":"89","author":"Higazi","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"168","article-title":"The impact of Merowe dam on Simulium hamedense vector of onchocerciasis in Abu Hamed focus: northern Sudan","volume":"7","author":"Zarroug","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Guidelines for Stopping Mass Drug Administration and Verifying Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures","first-page":"1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"373","article-title":"Twice-yearly ivermectin for onchocerciasis: the time is now","volume":"14","author":"Katabarwa","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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