{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:49:45Z","timestamp":1783151385629,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple factors contribute to undernutrition in Cambodian women. Our aim was to determine if type of household sanitation facility was associated with body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration among pregnant women. Women (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 544) from 75 villages in Kampong Chhnang Province had their height, weight, and Hb measured (HemoCue Hb 201<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) in the first trimester. Sociodemographic and household characteristics were collected. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used for analyses. Approximately 40% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 221) of women reported primarily using an \u2018improved\u2019 sanitation facility (closed pit latrine) and \u223c60% (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 323) used \u2018non-improved\u2019 facilities (open defecation). Mean \u00b1 standard deviation (SD) BMI was higher among women with improved versus non-improved facilities (19.9 \u00b1 3.0 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> versus 19.4 \u00b1 2.3 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01). Mean \u00b1 SD Hb concentration was also higher among women with improved versus non-improved facilities (118 \u00b1 12 g\/L versus 114 \u00b1 14 g\/L; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). Anemia prevalence (Hb &lt; 110 g\/L) was higher among women with non-improved facilities (34% versus 25%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). An improved sanitation facility was a positive predictor of BMI (\u03b2 = 0.57 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10, 1.04) and Hb concentration (\u03b2 = 2.94 g\/L; 95% CI = 0.53, 5.35), adjusting for age, parity, household size, village, gestation week, source of drinking water, and iron folic acid supplementation. Poor sanitation was associated with lower BMI and Hb concentration among pregnant Cambodian women. This warrants multisectoral approaches involving the health, nutrition, water, and sanitation sectors to effectively improve maternal health in Cambodia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]],"date-time":"2016-08-23T01:38:41Z","timestamp":1471916321000},"page":"1211-1215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Improved Sanitation Facilities are Associated with Higher Body Mass Index and Higher Hemoglobin Concentration Among Rural Cambodian Women in the First Trimester of Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Amynah","family":"Janmohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal D.","family":"Karakochuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Safer Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits, and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014: Key Indicators Report","author":"National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, ICF 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condition","volume":"18","author":"Korpe","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing","volume":"374","author":"Humphrey","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Sanitation, Disease, and Anemia: Evidence from Nepal","author":"Coffey","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD004265","article-title":"Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea","volume":"1","author":"Ejemot","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment","author":"UNICEF, World Health Organization","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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