{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T11:49:50Z","timestamp":1781264990551,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) diagnosis is routinely performed by invasive liver, spleen, bone marrow, or lymph node biopsies, followed by microscopic identification of the parasites. Conventional serological tests cannot distinguish active disease from asymptomatic VL or from cured infection. Here, we report the initial validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assembled to detect the <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic> antigens iron superoxide dismutase 1 (<jats:italic>Li-isd1<\/jats:italic>), tryparedoxin 1 (<jats:italic>Li-trx1<\/jats:italic>), and nuclear transport factor 2 (<jats:italic>Li-ntf2<\/jats:italic>) as a tool to monitor therapeutic efficacy of VL. The assembled ELISA detected the antigens in the urine samples from seven VL patients before initiation of therapy. Importantly, the antigens were no longer detected in all patients after completion of the treatment. These preliminary observations point to a promising tool to follow treatment efficacy of VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T03:04:45Z","timestamp":1470107085000},"page":"800-802","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Novel Antigen Detection Assay to Monitor Therapeutic Efficacy of Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Abeijon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1DetectoGen Inc., Grafton, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Campos-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1DetectoGen Inc., Grafton, Massachusetts."},{"name":"3Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"11","article-title":"Latex agglutination test for the detection of urinary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"78","author":"Attar","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"339","article-title":"Antigenuria in visceral leishmaniasis: detection and partial characterisation of a carbohydrate antigen","volume":"82","author":"Sarkari","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Mymensingh Med J","first-page":"335","article-title":"Evaluation of latex agglutination test (KAtex) for early diagnosis of kala-azar","volume":"19","author":"Ahsan","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"31","article-title":"Field validity, reproducibility and feasibility of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis in rural Nepal","volume":"11","author":"Chappuis","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"269","article-title":"Detection of leishmanial antigen in the urine of patients with visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test","volume":"73","author":"Sundar","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"East Mediterr Health J","first-page":"844","article-title":"Field evaluation of latex agglutination test for detecting urinary antigens in visceral 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antigen detection tests for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Vallur","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"935","article-title":"Identification and diagnostic utility of Leishmania infantum proteins found in urine samples from patients with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"Abeijon","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2161","article-title":"Potential non-invasive urine-based antigen (protein) detection assay to diagnose active visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Abeijon","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Meta Gene","first-page":"782","article-title":"Comparative in-silico genome analysis of Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani: a step towards its species specificity","volume":"2","author":"Satheesh Kumar","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"1751","article-title":"Study of parasite kinetics with antileishmanial drugs using real-time quantitative PCR in Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"66","author":"Sudarshan","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1339","article-title":"A cloned antigen (recombinant K39) of Leishmania chagasi diagnostic for visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 patients and a prognostic indicator for monitoring patients undergoing drug therapy","volume":"177","author":"Houghton","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"175","article-title":"Performance of immunoblotting in diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-Leishmania sp.-coinfected patients","volume":"38","author":"Santos-Gomes","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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