{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:26:30Z","timestamp":1788780390083,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral cholera vaccination was used as part of cholera control in Haiti, but the vaccine does not provide complete protection. We conducted secondary data analyses of a vaccine effectiveness study in Haiti to evaluate risk factors for cholera among cholera vaccine recipients. Individuals vaccinated against cholera that presented with acute watery diarrhea and had a stool sample positive for <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 were included as cases. Up to four vaccinated individuals who did not present for treatment of diarrhea were included as controls for each case, and matched by location of residence, enrollment time, and age. We evaluated sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors for cholera. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors for cholera among vaccinees. Thirty-three vaccine recipients with culture-confirmed cholera were included as cases. One-hundred-and-seventeen of their matched controls reported receiving vaccine and were included as controls. In a multivariable analysis, self-reporting use of branded household water disinfection products as a means of treating water (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 44.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.19\u2013468.05, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002), and reporting having a latrine as the main household toilet (aRR = 4.22, 95% CI = 1.23\u201314.43, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02), were independent risk factors for cholera. Self-reporting always treating water (aRR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.01\u20130.57, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01) was associated with protection against cholera. The field effectiveness of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions used in combination with cholera vaccination in cholera control should be measured and monitored over time to identify and remediate shortcomings, and ensure successful impact on disease control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T06:05:19Z","timestamp":1501740319000},"page":"436-442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Household and Individual Risk Factors for Cholera among Cholera Vaccine Recipients in Rural Haiti"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Wilfredo R.","family":"Matias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle J.","family":"Hilaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanmi Lasante, Pont-Tambour, Impasse Guillaume No. 6, Saint Marc, Haiti;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason B.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly F.","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise C.","family":"Ivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003832","article-title":"Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"881","article-title":"Post-licensure deployment of oral cholera vaccines: a systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Martin","year":"2014"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e162","article-title":"Effectiveness of reactive 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