{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:47:28Z","timestamp":1790380048065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by <jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic> is associated with decreasing cure rates in Brazil. Standard treatment with pentavalent antimony (Sb<jats:sup>v<\/jats:sup>) cures only 50\u201360% of the cases. The immunopathogenesis of CL ulcer is associated with high interferon-\u03b3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Pentoxifylline, a TNF inhibitor, has been successfully used in association with Sb<jats:sup>v<\/jats:sup> in mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis. This randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral pentoxifylline plus Sb<jats:sup>v<\/jats:sup> versus placebo plus Sb<jats:sup>v<\/jats:sup> in patients with CL in Bahia, Brazil. A total of 164 patients were randomized in two groups to receive the combination or the monotherapy. Cure rate 6 months after treatment was 45% in the pentoxifylline group and 43% in the control group. There was also no difference between the groups regarding the healing time (99.7 \u00b1 66.2 days and 98.1 \u00b1 72.7 days, respectively). Adverse events were more common in the pentoxifylline group (37.8%), versus 23% in the placebo group. This trial shows that Sb<jats:sup>v<\/jats:sup> combined therapy with pentoxifylline is not more effective than Sb<jats:sup>v<\/jats:sup> monotherapy in the treatment of CL caused by <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T14:07:08Z","timestamp":1488550028000},"page":"1155-1159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Oral Pentoxifylline Associated with Pentavalent Antimony: A Randomized Trial for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayra","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Henrique","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everson","family":"Meireles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Psicol\u00f3gica, Universidade Federal do Rec\u00f4ncavo da Bahia\/Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CCS), Santo Ant\u00f4nio de Jesus, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Schriefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar Marcelino","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Roberto Lima","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos, Salvador, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"687","article-title":"A review of the geographic distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the New World","volume":"41","author":"Grimaldi","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e912","article-title":"Miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by 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pentoxifylline","volume":"90","author":"Brito","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1846","article-title":"Influence of Leishmania (Viannia) species on the response to antimonial treatment in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"195","author":"Arevalo","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"203","article-title":"American cutaneous leishmaniasis unresponsive to antimonial drugs: successful treatment using combination of N-methilglucamine antimoniate plus pentoxifylline","volume":"42","author":"Bafica","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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