{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:47Z","timestamp":1787031167669,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent tetanus cases associated with male circumcision in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) prompted an examination of tetanus immunity by age and sex using multiplex serologic data from community surveys in three ESA countries during 2012\u20132013. Tetanus seroprotection was lower among children 5\u201314 years versus 1\u20134 years of age in Kenya (66% versus 90%) and Tanzania (66% versus 89%), but not in Mozambique (91% versus 88%), where children receive two booster doses in school. Among males \u2265 15 years of age, tetanus seroprotection was lower than females in Kenya (45% versus 96%), Tanzania (28% versus 94%), and Mozambique (64% versus 90%). Tetanus immunity from infant vaccination doses wanes over time, and only women of reproductive age routinely receive booster doses. To prevent immunity gaps in older children, adolescents, and adult men, a life-course vaccination strategy is needed to provide the three recommended tetanus booster doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]],"date-time":"2016-12-05T21:50:28Z","timestamp":1480974628000},"page":"415-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Tetanus Immunity Gaps in Children 5\u201314 Years and Men \u2265 15 Years of Age Revealed by Integrated Disease Serosurveillance in Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Heather M.","family":"Scobie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minal","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harran","family":"Mkocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kongwa Trachoma Project, Kongwa, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sammy M.","family":"Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International of Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice R.","family":"Odiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Pelletreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Priest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Maputo, Mozambique."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly Y.","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Lammie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1947","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal tetanus","volume":"370","author":"Roper","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"613","article-title":"Tetanus disease and deaths in men reveal need for vaccination","volume":"94","author":"Dalal","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"198","article-title":"Tetanus vaccine: WHO position paper","volume":"20","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Reported Immunization Schedules by Vaccine","author":"World Health Organization Department on Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals, Data, Statistics and Graphics","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Reported Data of Immunization Provided at School","author":"World Health Organization Department on Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals, Data, Statistics and Graphics","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"90","article-title":"Expanded programme on immunization (EPI). 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