{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:10:08Z","timestamp":1723068608488},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease is a vector-borne and potentially fatal parasitic disease that is transmitted by the triatomine bug, a nocturnal feeding, flying arthropod, often referred to by its colloquial name, the \u201ckissing bug.\u201d Vector-borne transmission is considered the most important means of spreading Chagas disease in endemic and nonendemic areas. Corrugated cardboard boxes may accelerate the spread of these insect vectors to nonendemic areas through their ability to harbor and transport small terrestrial arthropods such as silverfish, termites, and cockroaches. We report the case of a patient living in northern California who presented to a community clinic 6 weeks after being bitten by a positively identified triatomine bug. A local pest control company identified a total of eight adult <jats:italic>Triatoma protracta<\/jats:italic>, nine nymphs, and two eggs; all within the patient's bedding. No bugs were found outside of the patient's bedroom. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed one adult female was positive for <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic> via polymerase chain reaction. The patient's bedroom doubled as an office and regularly received and stored corrugated cardboard shipping boxes. Corrugated cardboard boxes have been used to trap and study the triatomine bug. This is the first documented case that provides circumstantial evidence that corrugated cardboard boxes may be an inadvertent and unrecognized factor in the spread of Chagas disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T03:04:06Z","timestamp":1473217446000},"page":"1115-1117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Case of Cardboard Boxes Likely Facilitating the Biting of a Patient by Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Triatomine Bugs"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Eduardo P.","family":"Dolhun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California."},{"name":"Dolhun Clinic, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Antes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dolhun Clinic, San Francisco, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004291","article-title":"Molecular diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi detected in the vector Triatoma protracta from California, USA","volume":"10","author":"Shender","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"456","article-title":"Chagas' disease","volume":"373","author":"Bern","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385863-4.00008-3","article-title":"Kissing bugs. The vectors of Chagas","volume":"75","author":"Stevens","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"605","article-title":"Autochthonous transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, Louisiana","volume":"13","author":"Dorn","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Rev Saude Publica","first-page":"216","article-title":"Entomological aspects of Chagas' disease transmission in the domestic habitat, Argentina","volume":"38","author":"Catal\u00e1","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Medicina (B Aires)","first-page":"45","article-title":"A new tool for continuous detection of the presence of triatomine bugs, vectors of Chagas disease, in rural households","volume":"47","author":"Wisnivesky-Colli","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"666","article-title":"Host-feeding sources and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of Triatoma infestans and Triatoma eratyrusiformis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from the Calchaqui Valleys in northwestern Argentina","volume":"53","author":"Cecere","year":"2016"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Kissing Bugs, Assassin Bugs, and Bed Bugs","author":"U.S. Air Force","key":"ref8"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1388","article-title":"Chagas disease","volume":"375","author":"Rassi","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: adaptation to its vectors and its hosts","volume":"40","author":"Noireau","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Euro Surveill","article-title":"Chagas disease in European countries: the challenge of a surveillance system","volume":"16","author":"Basile","year":"2011"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"Parasites\u2014American Trypanosomiasis (Also Known as Chagas Disease)","author":"CDC","key":"ref12"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Public Health","first-page":"366","article-title":"Human and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in California","volume":"75","author":"Navin","year":"1985"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Triatomine Bug FAQs","author":"CDC","key":"ref14"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"Chagas Disease in the Americas","author":"CDC","key":"ref15"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"How UPS, Fed Ex Move 25 Million Packages a Day","author":"CNBC","key":"ref16"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Corrugated Cardboard","author":"USA On Canvas","key":"ref17"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"Eliminate Silverfish","author":"Do-It-Yourself Pest Control","key":"ref18"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Cockroaches","author":"Hahn","key":"ref19"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/5\/article-p1115.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/5\/article-p1115.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/5\/article-p1115.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T21:53:35Z","timestamp":1723067615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/95\/5\/article-p1115.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0455","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]}}}