{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:57:08Z","timestamp":1790751428587,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Rickettsia typhi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rickettsia felis<\/jats:italic> are flea-borne rickettsiae that are distributed throughout the world. This mini-review outlines the ecology and epidemiology of flea-borne rickettsioses; highlights important clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations; and discusses areas of uncertainty regarding <jats:italic>Rickettsia felis<\/jats:italic> and other rickettsiae harbored by fleas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T01:20:20Z","timestamp":1477963220000},"page":"53-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Flea-Borne Rickettsioses and Rickettsiae"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Lucas S.","family":"Blanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e2018","article-title":"Rickettsia phylogenomics: unwinding the intricacies of obligate intracellular life","volume":"3","author":"Gillespie","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Intracellular Pathogens II: Rickettsiales","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clincial disease: current treatment and new challenges","author":"Dumler","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"996","article-title":"Rickettsia felis: from a rare disease in the USA to a common cause of fever in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"17","author":"Parola","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"319","article-title":"Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations","volume":"3","author":"Azad","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Murine typhus in returned travelers: a report of thirty-two cases","volume":"86","author":"Walter","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Case report: severe typhus group rickettsiosis complicated by pulmonary edema in a returning traveler from Indonesia","volume":"85","author":"Stockdale","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Severe murine typhus with pulmonary system involvement","volume":"20","author":"van der Vaart","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"516","article-title":"The changing picture of murine typhus in the United States","volume":"70","author":"Pratt","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"311","article-title":"The changing ecology of murine (endemic) typhus in southern California","volume":"19","author":"Adams","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"681","article-title":"Murine typhus: updated roles of multiple urban components and a second typhus-like Rickettsia","volume":"31","author":"Schriefer","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"412","article-title":"Murine typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008","volume":"16","author":"Adjemian","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"484","article-title":"Reemergence of murine typhus in Galveston, Texas, USA, 2013","volume":"21","author":"Blanton","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Trop Dis Bull","first-page":"237","article-title":"The ecology of murine typhus-a critical review","volume":"75","author":"Traub","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"400","article-title":"Infection of colonized cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), with a Rickettsia-like microorganism","volume":"43","author":"Adams","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"723","article-title":"Ecology of Rickettsia felis: a review","volume":"46","author":"Reif","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"96","article-title":"Vertical transmission of Rickettsia felis in the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis Bouche)","volume":"27","author":"Wedincamp","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Mol Ecol","first-page":"5475","article-title":"Cofeeding intra- and interspecific transmission of an emerging insect-borne rickettsial pathogen","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1365","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987","volume":"266","author":"Dumler","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"17","article-title":"Endemic (murine) typhus fever: clinical observations of 180 cases","volume":"23","author":"Stuart","year":"1945"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1164","article-title":"An unusual cutaneous manifestation in a patient with murine typhus","volume":"93","author":"Blanton","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med","first-page":"396","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of murine typhus in 97 Texas children","volume":"155","author":"Whiteford","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol","first-page":"221","article-title":"Antigenic classification of Rickettsia felis by using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Rickettsia felis infection in man, France","volume":"15","author":"Renvoise","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"138","article-title":"Rickettsia felis infection, Tunisia","volume":"12","author":"Znazen","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1961","article-title":"Human Rickettsia felis infection, Canary Islands, Spain","volume":"11","author":"Perez-Arellano","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"576","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of five different antibiotic regimens on infection with Rickettsia typhi: therapeutic data from 87 cases","volume":"70","author":"Gikas","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"166","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Mediterranean spotted fever in serum and tissue samples","volume":"67","author":"Leitner","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"394","article-title":"Estimation of Rickettsia rickettsii copy number in the blood of patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever suggests cyclic diurnal trends in bacteraemia","volume":"22","author":"Kato","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1402","article-title":"Rickettsia felis infections and comorbid conditions, Laos, 2003\u20132011","volume":"20","author":"Dittrich","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Human infection with Rickettsia felis, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Richards","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Rickettsia felis-associated uneruptive fever, Senegal","volume":"16","author":"Socolovschi","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"328","article-title":"Rickettsia felis infection in febrile patients, western Kenya, 2007\u20132010","volume":"18","author":"Maina","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1808","article-title":"Possible role of Rickettsia felis in acute febrile illness among children in Gabon","volume":"21","author":"Mourembou","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Common epidemiology of Rickettsia felis infection and malaria, Africa","volume":"19","author":"Mediannikov","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"536","article-title":"Description of \u201cyaaf\u201d, the vesicular fever caused by acute Rickettsia felis infection in Senegal","volume":"66","author":"Mediannikov","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Molecular identification of pathogenic bacteria in eschars from acute febrile patients, Senegal","volume":"91","author":"Mediannikov","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep","first-page":"27","article-title":"Rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-borne rickettsiosis","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e48254","article-title":"Rickettsia species in African Anopheles mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Socolovschi","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1687","article-title":"Rickettsia felis in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, Libreville, Gabon","volume":"18","author":"Socolovschi","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"8088","article-title":"Transmission potential of Rickettsia felis infection by Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes","volume":"112","author":"Dieme","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e16396","article-title":"Isolation of a rickettsial pathogen from a non-hematophagous arthropod","volume":"6","author":"Thepparit","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Genome Biol Evol","first-page":"35","article-title":"Genomic diversification in strains of Rickettsia felis isolated from different arthropods","volume":"7","author":"Gillespie","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e54679","article-title":"Molecular evidence for the presence of Rickettsia felis in the feces of wild-living African apes","volume":"8","author":"Keita","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"E6595","article-title":"Reply to Slesak et al.: so much about Rickettsia felis infection to be discovered","volume":"112","author":"Parola","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"173","article-title":"Identification of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in from the Thai-Myanmar border","volume":"990","author":"Parola","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"310","article-title":"Bartonella and Rickettsia in fleas and lice from mammals in south Carolina, USA","volume":"30","author":"Reeves","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"41","article-title":"Surveillance of Egyptian fleas for agents of public health significance: Anaplasma, Bartonella, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Yersinia pestis","volume":"75","author":"Loftis","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"550","article-title":"Molecular detection of Rickettsia felis and Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis in fleas from human habitats, Asembo, Kenya","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Genome Announc","first-page":"e00018","article-title":"Whole-genome sequence of \u201cCandidatus Rickettsia asemboensis\u201d strain NMRCii, isolated from fleas of western Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Jima","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref50","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"268","article-title":"Isolation of Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis from Ctenocephalides fleas","volume":"15","author":"Luce-Fedrow","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"245","article-title":"Molecular detection of zoonotic rickettsiae and Anaplasma spp. in domestic dogs and their ectoparasites in Bushbuckridge, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"Kolo","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"Mol Ecol","first-page":"1364","article-title":"Novel evidence suggests that a \u2018Rickettsia felis-like\u2019 organism is an endosymbiont of the desert flea, Xenopsylla ramesis","volume":"24","author":"Rzotkiewicz","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"455","article-title":"\u2018Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis\u2019 and Wolbachia spp. in Ctenocephalides felis and Pulex irritans fleas removed from dogs in Ecuador","volume":"7","author":"Oteo","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"85","article-title":"Molecular evidence of different Rickettsia species in Villeta, Colombia","volume":"16","author":"Faccini-Martinez","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref55","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"151","article-title":"Detection of Rickettsia species in fleas collected from cats in regions endemic and nonendemic for flea-borne rickettsioses in California","volume":"16","author":"Billeter","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref56","series-title":"New Microbes New Infect","first-page":"24","article-title":"Candidatus \u2018Rickettsia senegalensis\u2019 in cat fleas in Senegal","volume":"3","author":"Mediannikov","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref57","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"457","article-title":"Opossums and cat fleas: new insights in the ecology of murine typhus in Galveston, Texas","volume":"95","author":"Blanton","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/1\/article-p53.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/1\/article-p53.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/1\/article-p53.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:43:36Z","timestamp":1723070616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/1\/article-p53.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0537","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]}}}