{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:10:45Z","timestamp":1792271445535,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Since the mid-2000s, the immunochromatographic card test (ICT), a point-of-care test for detecting <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic> circulating filarial antigens (CFAs), has been the backbone for mapping and monitoring lymphatic filariasis (LF) worldwide. Recently, there have been instances in which CFA positivity has been associated with <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic> microfilaremia. Here, we examined the association, at both the community and individual levels, between <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> and CFA using additional diagnostic tools (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR], Og4C3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IgG4 antibodies to Wb123 assays) to demonstrate the relationship between <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> microfilaremia and ICT positivity. In May 2013, peripheral blood was collected during the day from 1,812 individuals living in southern Cameroon. ICT tests were done on the spot, and positive individuals were resampled at night. Results of qPCR and Wb123 assays concurred proving the absence of <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic> infection. Og4C3 assays indicate a quantitative relationship between the level of <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> microfilaremia and that of CFA. This was confirmed by epidemiological analyses, which reveal a strong association between <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> microfilaremia and ICT positivity, with 50% of ICT reacting to <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> when its microfilarial density exceeds 30,000 microfilariae\/mL. At the community level, the proportion of positive ICT would exceed 2% when the prevalence of <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> microfilaremia in the total population is above 20%. This has significant implications in terms of mapping and control of LF caused by <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>Loa<\/jats:italic>-endemic areas. Cross-reactivity of ICT with <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> has to be considered in the context of both individual and community diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T17:09:41Z","timestamp":1476205781000},"page":"1417-1423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Positivity of Antigen Tests Used for Diagnosis of Lymphatic Filariasis in Individuals Without Wuchereria bancrofti Infection But with High Loa loa Microfilaremia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"S\u00e9bastien D.","family":"Pion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Montpellier, France."},{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur les Filarioses et autres Maladies Tropicales, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Montavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Montpellier, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric B.","family":"Chesnais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Montpellier, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kamgno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche sur les Filarioses et autres Maladies Tropicales, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon."},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaound\u00e9 1, Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, Cameroon."},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy D.","family":"Klion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Boussinesq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Montpellier, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004172","article-title":"Shrinking the lymphatic filariasis map of Ethiopia: reassessing the population at risk through nationwide mapping","volume":"9","author":"Rebollo","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e154","article-title":"Reducing the population requiring interventions against lymphatic filariasis in Africa","volume":"4","author":"Bockarie","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004001","article-title":"Mapping of bancroftian filariasis in Cameroon: prospects for elimination","volume":"9","author":"Nana-Djeunga","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Filarial 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epidemiology of host predisposition microfilaraemia in human loiasis","volume":"4","author":"Garcia","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Monitoring and Epidemiological Assessment of Mass Drug Administration in the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: A Manual for National Elimination Programmes","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Provisional Strategy for Interrupting Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission in Loiasis-Endemic Countries","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"11","article-title":"Laboratory and field evaluation of a new rapid test for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti antigen in human blood","volume":"89","author":"Weil","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and 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