{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:47Z","timestamp":1787031167297,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infects a broad range of warm-blooded hosts, including humans. Important clinical manifestations include encephalitis in immunocompromised patients as well as miscarriage and fetal damage during early pregnancy.\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    dense granule antigen 2 and 5 (GRA2 and GRA5) are essential for parasitophorous vacuole development of the parasite. To evaluate the potential of GRA2 and GRA5 as recombinant DNA vaccine candidates, these antigens were cloned into eukaryotic expression vector (pcDNA 3.1C) and evaluated in vaccination experiments. Recombinant DNA vaccines constructed with genes encoding GRAs were validated in Chinese hamster ovary cells before evaluation using lethal challenge of the virulent\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    RH strain in BALB\/c mice. The DNA vaccines of pcGRA2 and pcGRA5 elicited cellular-mediated immune response with significantly higher levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-10 (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) compared with controls. A mixed T-helper cell 1 (Th1)\/Th2 response was associated with slightly prolonged survival. These findings provide evidence that DNA vaccination with GRA2 and GRA5 is associated with Th1-like cell-mediated immune responses. It will be worthwhile to construct recombinant multiantigen combining full-length GRA2 or\/and GRA5 with various antigenic proteins such as the surface antigens and rhoptry antigens to improve vaccination efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T13:09:21Z","timestamp":1496840961000},"page":"1441-1447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccines Encoding Granule Antigen 2 and 5 Against Acute Toxoplasmosis in BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Xiao Teng","family":"Ching","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mun Yik","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee Ling","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans","first-page":"313","author":"Dubey","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60331-0","article-title":"The prevalence and source of Toxoplasma infection in the environment","volume":"28","author":"Jackson","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Microbes Infect","first-page":"457","article-title":"Development of a vaccine for toxoplasmosis: current 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Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/6\/article-p1441.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/6\/article-p1441.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/6\/article-p1441.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T18:27:42Z","timestamp":1723055262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/6\/article-p1441.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0548","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]]}}}