{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:57:42Z","timestamp":1790470662647,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are important reemerging arboviruses that are under-recognized in many parts of Africa due to lack of surveillance. As a part of a study on flavivirus, alphavirus, and parasite exposure in coastal Kenya, we measured neutralizing antibody against DENV and, to evaluate assay specificity, WNV in serum samples that tested positive for serum anti-DENV IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of 830 anti-DENV IgG-positive samples that were tested for neutralizing activity, 488 (58.8%) neutralized DENV and 94 (11.3%) neutralized WNV. Of children \u2264 10 years of age, 23% and 17% had serum neutralizing antibody to DENV and WNV, respectively, indicating that DENV and WNV transmission has occurred in this region within the past decade. The results suggest that ongoing DENV and WNV transmission continues on the coast of Kenya and supports a need for routine arboviral surveillance in the area to detect and respond to future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,8]],"date-time":"2016-11-08T03:44:29Z","timestamp":1478576669000},"page":"141-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Dengue and West Nile Virus Transmission in Children and Adults in Coastal Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Banda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal Y.","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Heimbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Muchiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Mungai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis M.","family":"Mutuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Brichard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginny","family":"Gildengorin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Borland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Kitron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Desiree","family":"LaBeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"504","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"2964","article-title":"Phylogeography of West Nile virus: from the cradle of evolution in Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas","volume":"85","author":"May","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"781","article-title":"Epidemic dengue fever caused by dengue type 2 virus in Kenya: preliminary results of human virological and serological studies","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003733","article-title":"A household serosurvey to estimate the magnitude of a dengue outbreak in Mombasa, Kenya, 2013","volume":"9","author":"Ellis","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Virol J","first-page":"371","article-title":"Seroprevalence and distribution of arboviral infections among rural Kenyan adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Mease","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"158","article-title":"Serologic evidence of arboviral infections among humans in Kenya","volume":"85","author":"Sutherland","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"124","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of selected arboviruses in febrile patients visiting selected health facilities in the lake\/river basin areas of Lake Baringo, Lake Naivasha, and Tana River, Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Tigoi","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003436","article-title":"High rates of o'nyong nyong and chikungunya virus transmission in coastal Kenya","volume":"9","author":"LaBeaud","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1213","article-title":"Measuring fitness of Kenyan children with polyparasitic infections using the 20-meter shuttle run test as a morbidity metric","volume":"5","author":"Bustinduy","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2992","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of the burden of vector-borne and soil-transmitted polyparasitism in rural communities of Coast Province, Kenya","volume":"8","author":"Bisanzio","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol","first-page":"167","article-title":"Diagnosis of viruses by immunoassays","volume":"11","author":"Ansari","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"655","article-title":"Evaluation of the protective efficacy of a recombinant dengue envelope B domain fusion protein against dengue 2 virus infection in mice","volume":"58","author":"Simmons","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"102","article-title":"Changes in levels of anti-dengue virus IgG subclasses in patients with disease of varying severity","volume":"40","author":"Thein","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"673","article-title":"Heterotypic serologic responses after yellow fever vaccination; detection of persons with past St. Louis encephalitis or dengue","volume":"98","author":"Pond","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol","first-page":"580","article-title":"Evaluation of widely used diagnostic tests to detect West Nile virus infections in horses previously infected with St. Louis encephalitis virus or dengue virus type 2","volume":"18","author":"Ledermann","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"588","article-title":"Immunological studies with group B arthropod-borne viruses. 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