{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:50:22Z","timestamp":1773013822636,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A and zinc are important for immune function and may improve host defense against malaria and reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our objective was to determine whether daily oral supplementation with either or both nutrients starting in the first trimester reduces the risk of placental malaria and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We undertook a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial with a factorial design among 2,500 human immunodeficiency virus\u2013negative primigravid or secundigravid pregnant women in their first trimester of pregnancy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We randomly allocated equal numbers of participants to 2,500 IU of vitamin A, 25 mg of zinc, both 2,500 IU of vitamin A and 25 mg of zinc, or a placebo until delivery. A total of 625 participants were allocated to each treatment group. Our primary outcome, placental malaria infection (past or current), was assessed in all randomized participants for whom placental samples were obtained at delivery (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,404), which represents 56% of total participants and 62% of all pregnancies lasting 28 weeks or longer (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 2,266). Birth outcomes were obtained for 2,434 of the 2,500 randomized participants. Secondary outcomes included small for gestational age (SGA) births and prematurity. All analyses were intent to treat. Those who received zinc had a lower risk of histopathology-positive placental malaria compared with those who did not receive zinc (risk ratio = 0.64, 95% confidence interval = 0.44, 0.91), but neither nutrient had an effect on polymerase chain reaction\u2013positive malaria, SGA, or prematurity. No safety concerns were identified. We recommend additional studies in other geographic locations to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T01:50:28Z","timestamp":1485222628000},"page":"826-834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation Among Pregnant Women to Prevent Placental Malaria: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Darling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand M.","family":"Mugusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Analee J.","family":"Etheredge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilupa S.","family":"Gunaratna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajibola Ibraheem","family":"Abioye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Aboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Duggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mongi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology\/Medical Entomology, School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Spiegelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drucilla","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davidson H.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Kain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depatment of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Sandra A. Rotman Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University Health Network\u2013Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wafaie W.","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"World Malaria Report 2014","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Lancet Infect 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