{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:25:41Z","timestamp":1790756741236,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Before 1999, leishmaniasis was considered an imported disease in Thailand. Since then, autochthonous leishmaniasis was reported in both immmunocompetent and immmunocompromised patients especially in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A new species was identified and named as <jats:italic>Leishmania siamensis<\/jats:italic> consisting of two lineages, that is, lineages TR and PG. Analysis of isoenzymes has clarified the more commonly detected <jats:italic>L. siamensis<\/jats:italic> lineage PG as <jats:italic>Leishmania martiniquensis<\/jats:italic> (MON-229), a species originally reported from the Martinique Island, whereas the <jats:italic>L. siamensis<\/jats:italic> lineage TR has been identified as the true novel species, <jats:italic>L. siamensis<\/jats:italic> (MON-324). Both cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been found among Thai patients. Disseminated CL and VL could be presented in some reported patients who had HIV\/AIDS coinfection. So far, only sporadic cases have been reported; thus, the true prevalence of leishmaniasis should be determined in Thailand among the high-risk populations such as people with HIV\/AIDS. A recent survey among animals identified <jats:italic>L. martiniquensis<\/jats:italic> DNA in black rats (<jats:italic>Rattus rattus<\/jats:italic>) suggesting a potential animal reservoir. In addition, <jats:italic>L. martiniquensis<\/jats:italic> DNA was identified in <jats:italic>Sergentomyia gemmea<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sergentomyia barraudi<\/jats:italic>, the predominant sandfly species in the affected areas. However, further studies are needed to prove that these sandflies could serve as the vector of leishmaniasis in Thailand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]],"date-time":"2017-01-17T01:50:41Z","timestamp":1484617841000},"page":"534-542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A Review of Causative Agents and Situations"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Saovanee","family":"Leelayoova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suradej","family":"Siripattanapipong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jipada","family":"Manomat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phunlerd","family":"Piyaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peerapan","family":"Tan-ariya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lertwut","family":"Bualert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Trang Hospital, Trang Province, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathirut","family":"Mungthin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci","first-page":"309","article-title":"Leishmania in phlebotomid sandflies: VI. Importance of hindgut development in distinguishing between parasites of the Leishmania mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes","volume":"199","author":"Lainson","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2982","article-title":"Risk factors for adverse prognosis and death in American visceral leishmaniasis: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Belo","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"1451","article-title":"Clinical pleiomorphism in human leishmaniases, with special mention of asymptomatic infection","volume":"17","author":"Ba\u00f1uls","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1153","article-title":"Predictors of visceral leishmaniasis relapse in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Cota","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)","first-page":"75","article-title":"Magnitude of visceral leishmaniasis and poor treatment outcome among HIV patients: meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Alemayehu","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"687","article-title":"A review of the geographic distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the New World","volume":"41","author":"Grimaldi","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004349","article-title":"A historical overview of the classification, evolution, and dispersion of Leishmania parasites and sandflies","volume":"10","author":"Akhoundi","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"BMC Microbiol","first-page":"13","article-title":"Multilocus characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania siamensis isolated from autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis cases, southern Thailand","volume":"18","author":"Leelayoova","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Parasite","first-page":"12","article-title":"Leishmania (Leishmania) martiniquensis n. sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), description of the parasite responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Martinique Island (French West Indies)","volume":"21","author":"Desbois","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"644","article-title":"Diffuse cutaneous infection caused by a presumed monoxenous trypanosomatid in a patient infected with HIV","volume":"89","author":"Dedet","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"17","article-title":"A previously unclassified trypanosomatid responsible for human cutaneous lesions in Martinique (French West Indies) is the most divergent member of the genus Leishmania sp","volume":"124","author":"Noyes","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"821","article-title":"Autochthonous disseminated dermal and visceral leishmaniasis in an AIDS patient, southern Thailand, caused by Leishmania siamensis","volume":"86","author":"Bualert","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"617","article-title":"A suspected new species of Leishmania, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in a Thai patient","volume":"38","author":"Sukmee","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"346","article-title":"Occurrence of Leishmania sp. in cutaneous lesions of horses in Central Europe","volume":"166","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"408","article-title":"An autochthonous case of cutaneous bovine leishmaniasis in Switzerland","volume":"169","author":"Lobsiger","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"4","article-title":"Autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient: the first in Thailand and review of the literature","volume":"82","author":"Suankratay","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"76","article-title":"Consecutive cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis manifestations involving a novel Leishmania species in two HIV patients in Thailand","volume":"87","author":"Chusri","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"899","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania siamensis DNA in saliva by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"89","author":"Phumee","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Autochthonous Leishmania siamensis in horse, Florida, USA","volume":"18","author":"Reuss","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"40","article-title":"Recurrences of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania siamensis after treatment with amphotericin B in a seronegative child","volume":"90","author":"Osatakul","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"869","article-title":"Disseminated dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania siamensis in a systemic steroid therapy patient","volume":"91","author":"Noppakun","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"333","article-title":"Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) gemmea, a potential vector of Leishmania siamensis in southern Thailand","volume":"13","author":"Kanjanopas","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"13","article-title":"Animal reservoirs and potential vectors of Leishmania siamensis in southern Thailand","volume":"45","author":"Chusri","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3291","article-title":"Multiple cutaneous nodules in an HIV-infected patient","volume":"8","author":"Phumee","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3339","article-title":"First isolation of Leishmania from northern Thailand: case report, identification as Leishmania martiniquensis and phylogenetic position within the Leishmania enriettii complex","volume":"8","author":"Pothirat","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Br J Dermatol","first-page":"663","article-title":"Chronic generalized fibrotic skin lesions from disseminated leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis in two patients from northern Thailand infected with HIV","volume":"173","author":"Chiewchanvit","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"89","article-title":"Early detection of novel Leishmania species DNA in the saliva of two HIV-infected patients","volume":"16","author":"Siriyasatien","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"317","article-title":"First case of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania martiniquensis","volume":"92","author":"Liautaud","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol","first-page":"170","article-title":"Experimental pathogenicity of a presumed monoxenous trypanosomatid isolated from humans in a murine model","volume":"48","author":"Garin","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"23","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: the first indigenous case report in Thailand","volume":"93","author":"Thisyakorn","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"8","article-title":"Autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis: a report of a second case in Thailand","volume":"38","author":"Kongkaew","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"17","article-title":"The first reported case of autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis in Thailand","volume":"43","author":"Kattipathanapong","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"558","article-title":"Imported cutaneous leishmaniasis in Thailand","volume":"28","author":"Viriyavejakul","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"988","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Thailand","volume":"39","author":"Maharom","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"429","article-title":"A brief survey of phlebotomine sandflies in Thailand","volume":"20","author":"Apiwathnasorn","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"135","article-title":"Anthropophilic and zoophilic phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Apiwathnasorn","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Seasonal variation of cave-dwelling phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Phra Phothisat Cave, Saraburi Province, Thailand","volume":"38","author":"Polseela","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Trop Biomed","first-page":"366","article-title":"Seasonal distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Tham Phra Phothisat temple, Saraburi province, Thailand","volume":"28","author":"Polseela","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Distribution of cave-dwelling phlebotomine sand flies and their nocturnal and diurnal activity in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand","volume":"42","author":"Polseela","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Cavernicolous species of phlebotomine sand flies from Kanchanaburi Province, with an updated species list for Thailand","volume":"42","author":"Apiwathnasorn","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"9","article-title":"Description of Sergentomyia phadangensis n. sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae) of Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Polseela","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"297","article-title":"A survey of sandflies in the affected areas of leishmaniasis, southern Thailand","volume":"112","author":"Sukra","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"425","article-title":"Distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in limestone caves, Khao Pathawi, Uthai Thani province, Thailand","volume":"46","author":"Polseela","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Trop Biomed","first-page":"402","article-title":"Phlebotomine sand flies of edible-nest swiftlet cave of Lang Ga Jiew Island, Chumphon province, Thailand","volume":"32","author":"Chittsamart","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"857","article-title":"Species diversity and seasonality of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Satun province, Thailand","volume":"46","author":"Panthawong","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/3\/article-p534.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/3\/article-p534.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/3\/article-p534.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:40:42Z","timestamp":1723070442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/3\/article-p534.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]}}}