{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T14:50:12Z","timestamp":1758639012665},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tobacco use is a major risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). Secondhand smoke (SHS) is also a risk factor for TB and to a lesser extent, <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection without disease. We investigated the added risk of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection due to SHS exposure in childhood contacts of TB cases in The Gambia. Participants were childhood household contacts aged \u2264 14 years of newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (PTB) cases. The intensity of exposure to the case was categorized according to whether contacts slept in the same room, same house, or a different house as the case. Contacts were tested with an enzyme-linked immunospot interferon gamma release assay. In multivariate regression models, <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection was associated with increasing exposure to a case (odds ratios [OR]: 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.11\u201371.4, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001]) and with male gender (OR: 1.5 [95% CI: 1.12\u20132.11], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.008). Tobacco use caused a 3-fold increase in the odds of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection in children who slept closest to a case who smoked within the same home compared with a nonsmoking case (OR: 8.0 [95% CI: 2.74\u201323.29] versus 2.4 [95% CI: 1.17\u20134.92], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). SHS exposure as an effect modifier appears to greatly increase the risk of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infection in children exposed to PTB cases. Smoking cessation campaigns may be important for reducing transmission of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> to children within households.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]],"date-time":"2017-06-13T07:00:34Z","timestamp":1497337234000},"page":"429-432","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Close Childhood Contacts of Adults with Pulmonary Tuberculosis is Increased by Secondhand Exposure to Tobacco"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Ifedayo M. O.","family":"Adetifa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria;"},{"name":"Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Donkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses D.","family":"Lugos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman S.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick K.","family":"Owiafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin O. C.","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization-Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger H.","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Centre for International Health and the Otago International Health Research Network, University of Otago School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"2015","key":"b1"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis 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