{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:08:53Z","timestamp":1783012133774,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic>. Infection leads to formation of cysts within the viscera of the human host. In the 1980s, the transhumant population of northwest Turkana, Kenya, was found to have the highest prevalence of CE in the world. In 1983, AMREF Health Africa and the Kenya Medical and Research Institute launched a CE Control Program in northwest Turkana, screening and treating the local people. This epidemiological study of CE in Turkana analyses approximately 30 years of surveillance and surgical data. Cyst data were categorized using the World Health Organization CE ultrasound classification system before being analyzed for cyst, patient, and population characteristics, and surveillance data from 1985 are compared with more recent surveillance data to assess changes in prevalence in the control region since the commencement of control activities. In 1985, the prevalence of CE among the Turkana was 5.6%. In 2010\u20132011 and 2011\u20132012, calculated CE prevalence rates were 1.9% and 3.8%, respectively. Since the 1980s, the age distribution of people with CE in Turkana has shifted: initially, cases of CE appeared predominantly within younger age groups, but recent data reveal a higher prevalence within older age groups. The frequency of infection in females also significantly decreased. The reduction in CE prevalence from 5.6% in the 1980s to 1.9\u20133.8% in 2010\u20132012 and the shift in age distribution of CE-infected individuals over time indicate that the prevalence of CE in Turkana has decreased since the control program began.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T06:05:19Z","timestamp":1501740319000},"page":"587-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cystic Echinococcosis in Turkana, Kenya: The Role of Cross-Sectional Screening Surveys in Assessing the Prevalence of Human Infection"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Solomon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation (WINDREF), True Blue, Grenada;"},{"name":"St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, True Blue, Grenada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eberhard","family":"Zeyhle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meru University of Science and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outreach Program, Amref Health Africa, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wachira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outreach Program, Amref Health Africa, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asrat","family":"Mengiste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outreach Program, Amref Health Africa, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Romig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation (WINDREF), True Blue, Grenada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calum N. L.","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation (WINDREF), True Blue, Grenada;"},{"name":"St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, True Blue, Grenada;"},{"name":"St. George\u2019s University School of Veterinary Medicine, True Blue, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","author":"Thompson","year":"2001"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Scand J Surg","first-page":"171","article-title":"Complicated liver echinococcosis: 30 years of experience from an endemic area","volume":"102","author":"Symeonidis","year":"2013"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg","first-page":"413","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus infection: clinical presentation, medical treatment and outcome","volume":"388","author":"Kern","year":"2003"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"8","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound assessment of tropical infectious diseases: a review of applications and perspectives","volume":"94","author":"Belard","year":"2015"},{"key":"b5","author":"Paw\u0142owski","year":"2001"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"243","article-title":"Pastoralists and hydatid disease: an ultrasound scanning prevalence survey in east Africa","volume":"83","author":"Macpherson","year":"1989"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"9","article-title":"Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes infecting humans: review of current knowledge","volume":"44","author":"Alvarez Rojas","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Adv Parasitol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61011-1","article-title":"Control of cystic echinococcosis\/hydatidosis: 1863\u20132002","volume":"61","author":"Craig","year":"2006"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Parasitol Int","first-page":"S181","article-title":"Cystic echinococcosis in the Americas","volume":"55","author":"Moro","year":"2006"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"5","article-title":"Ultrasonographic diagnosis and medical treatment of human cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic school age carriers: 5 years of follow-up","volume":"91","author":"Larrieu","year":"2004"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"1","article-title":"Programme for ultrasound diagnoses and treatment with albendazole of cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic carriers: 10 years of follow-up of cases","volume":"117","author":"Larrieu","year":"2011"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"263","article-title":"Public health education\/importance and experience from the field. 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