{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:28:39Z","timestamp":1787066919978,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Following implementation of the national control program, a reassessment of\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence was conducted in Burundi to determine the feasibility of moving toward elimination. A countrywide cluster-randomized cross-sectional study was performed in May 2014. At least 25 schools were sampled from each of five eco-epidemiological risk zones for schistosomiasis. Fifty randomly selected children 13\u201314 years of age per school were included for a single urine-circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) rapid test and, in a subset of schools, for duplicate Kato-Katz slide preparation from a single stool sample. A total of 17,331 children from 347 schools were tested using CCA. The overall prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, when CCA trace results were considered negative, was 13.5% (zone range [zr] = 4.6\u201317.8%), and when CCA trace results were considered positive, it was 42.8% (zr = 34.3\u201349.9%). In 170 schools, prevalence of this infection determined using Kato-Katz method was 1.5% (zr = 0\u20132.7%). The overall mean intensity of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection determined using Kato-Katz was 0.85 eggs per gram (standard deviation = 10.86). A majority of schools (84%) were classified as non-endemic (prevalence = 0) using Kato-Katz; however, a similar proportion of schools were classified as endemic when CCA trace results were considered negative (85%) and nearly all (98%) were endemic when CCA trace results were considered positive. The findings of this nationwide reassessment using a CCA rapid test indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is still widespread in Burundi, although its average intensity is probably low. Further evidence is now needed to determine the association between CCA rapid test positivity and low-intensity disease transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,23]],"date-time":"2017-01-23T20:50:28Z","timestamp":1485204628000},"page":"664-673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Countrywide Reassessment of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Burundi Using a Urine-Circulating Cathodic Antigen Rapid Test: Informing the National Control Program"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Ortu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"On\u00e9sime","family":"Ndayishimiye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales N\u00e9glig\u00e9es et la C\u00e9cit\u00e9 (PNIMTNC), Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Lutte contre le SIDA, Bujumbura, Burundi."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatien","family":"Kayugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales N\u00e9glig\u00e9es et la C\u00e9cit\u00e9 (PNIMTNC), Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Lutte contre le SIDA, Bujumbura, Burundi."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl H.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE), Department of Microbiology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariama Sani","family":"Lamine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization (WHO), Libreville, Gabon."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Zivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Soares","family":"Magalhaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Australia."},{"name":"Children's Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE), Department of Microbiology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE), Department of Microbiology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia."},{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Colley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE), Department of Microbiology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Mark","family":"Jourdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1719","article-title":"The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI): rationale, development and implementation from 2002\u20132008","volume":"136","author":"Fenwick","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"630","article-title":"Quantitative analyses and modelling to support achievement of the 2020 goals for nine neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3139","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of multiple Kato-Katz thick smears and a circulating cathodic antigen 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Third WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases","author":"WHO","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"156","article-title":"The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review","volume":"8","author":"Grimes","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2651","article-title":"Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH): a critical component for sustainable soil-transmitted helminth and schistosomiasis control","volume":"8","author":"Campbell","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/3\/article-p664.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/3\/article-p664.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/3\/article-p664.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T18:39:13Z","timestamp":1723055953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/3\/article-p664.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0671","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]}}}