{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:24:40Z","timestamp":1782451480865,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania tropica<\/jats:italic> is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Pakistan. Here, intraspecific diversity of <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic> from northern Pakistan was investigated using multilocus microsatellite typing. Fourteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were typed in 34 recently collected <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic> isolates from Pakistan along with 158 archival strains of diverse Afro-Eurasian origins. Previously published profiles for 145 strains of <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic> originating from different regions of Africa, Central Asia, Iran, and Middle East were included for comparison. Six consistently well-supported genetic groups were resolved: 1) Asia, 2) Morroco A, 3) Namibia and Kenya A, 4) Kenya B\/Tunisia and Galilee, 5) Morocco B, and 6) Middle East. Strains from northern Pakistan were assigned to Asian cluster except for three that were placed in a geographically distant genetic group; Morocco A. Lesion variability among these Pakistani strains was not associated with specific <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic> genetic profile. Pakistani strains showed little genetic differentiation from strains of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria (F<jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub> = 0.00\u20130.06); displayed evidence of modest genetic flow with India (F<jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub> = 0.14). Furthermore, genetic structuring within these isolates was not geographically defined. Pak\u2013Afghan cluster was in significant linkage disequilibrium (I<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub> = 1.43), had low genetic diversity, and displayed comparatively higher heterozygosity (F<jats:sub>IS<\/jats:sub> = \u22120.62). Patterns of genetic diversity observed suggest dominance of a minimally diverse clonal lineage within northern Pakistan. This is surprising as a wide clinical spectrum was observed in patients, suggesting the importance of host and other factors. Further genotyping studies of <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic> isolates displaying different clinical phenotypes are required to validate this potentially important observation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T07:00:26Z","timestamp":1506409226000},"page":"1489-1497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Variability of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions Is Not Associated with Genetic Diversity of Leishmania tropica in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Nazma Habib","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin S.","family":"Llewellyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sch\u00f6nian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charite\u00ec-University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Int Immunopharmacol","first-page":"1464","article-title":"Vaccine candidates for leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"11","author":"Nagill","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"73","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo interactions between miltefosine and other antileishmanial drugs","volume":"50","author":"Seifert","year":"2006"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"121","article-title":"Genetic, serological and biochemical characterization of Leishmania tropica from foci in northern Palestine and discovery of zymodeme MON-307","volume":"5","author":"Azmi","year":"2012"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"113","article-title":"Leishmania in the old World: 2. 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